cfns-c120-presenter: So you you will see that we have a tracking camera over there on it, so you will see it there. So that's that's the audience camera, I would do it. Trucks, whoever it's talking.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, it's cool. Whoever is. Gonna so now it's slot. I know. When is the guy from China. Oh, that's the other camera. I get it.
cfns-c120-presenter: provided you can see that these kind of like all these very different
cfns-c120-presenter: village it it it it tracks bosses of. So for this one you can.
cfns-c120-presenter: We is we use chatting. Oh, yeah. So you you actually don't have if you don't have a
cfns-c120-presenter: so my.
cfns-c120-presenter: so that it might be good, just or is it?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So everything should be easy
cfns-c120-presenter: which is similar to the last year.
cfns-c120-presenter: Parents. Alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, this person just came there.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know. Hey, Ross, what do you think of what
cfns-c120-presenter: we have? Breakfast? So here, very nice from some.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you that that one is.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, yeah, yeah, that that that was not too far for your laptop to be.
cfns-c120-presenter: No, that's my left of it. Is this one.
cfns-c120-presenter: we have some.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: if you want to zoom it off that or So I have Some people think in my talk. But actually, I post the link. Yeah, as my contribution to a directory. And that's user web, which has not only the talks and Pdf, but also the other files.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I'm testing now that I can right click, save ads.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, yeah. Yeah. And then the people can download the directory basically and and have access phone stuff. I will. I will probably go ahead and start because I'm fine because they're having a server issue. And then, you know, yeah, I'm paranoid of. I also.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, okay. So I think we should have about 6 different.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so we'll explain today. But you know.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, I mean some. Some. You can go as long as they want this
cfns-c120-presenter: one of the days I think it's
cfns-c120-presenter: I need to be tomorrow. I do very little talking. And or this is a happy problem problem. And then let the students try to take what she saw today the other day. It's what we're going to do is use our solution to tomorrow. So I want to make sure there's enough time for experimentation, and
cfns-c120-presenter: hopefully they'll be they'll be arranged. So 5 experience one. So it would be exactly exactly the case. I thought so then what I'll do is I'll start working on the problem after like a 55 min. Think about it. But
cfns-c120-presenter: today.
cfns-c120-presenter: sure part. it's what we're using this, how to get in there. This is the, you know, underpinnings. And then we a little bit more. student.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think you can learn to science without getting your answer. I mean, I it's the you get the linear algebra. But then it just kinda doesn't. At least it doesn't. So I wanted to give students
cfns-c120-presenter: a a chance to attack the problem. So being at the end is perfect because somebody gets. Really, they want to find the best they can. But okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, it's already okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: Wow, wow, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you. Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: do you have an adopt
cfns-c120-presenter: my own.
cfns-c120-presenter: Why, I
cfns-c120-presenter: there is there is. There is an open Wi-fi here you should be able to join.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I received.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: You see, only one.
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: colleagues
cfns-c120-presenter: registration.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's a
cfns-c120-presenter: my.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. One more thing
cfns-c120-presenter: and you make, how can you?
cfns-c120-presenter: And I don't have. I'll probably just give you a consequence.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, it's working.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's no online audience. Now that's not worry about this. We have a hard laser.
cfns-c120-presenter: Just
cfns-c120-presenter: so we'll take care of it. If you do mean by by right. was it?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, if there's no online audience, and that's a hard laser.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's the lead of light that scrolls down. Okay, all you know, you can do, it's okay. Or if there's online audience and this one and stuff, and it should.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, yeah, so yeah, I I I just not sure in principle.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, okay, here. But
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, I think you are.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: So let me do this one more shot.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's the same thing. It's the same thing. I think it's just this thing. It's all.
cfns-c120-presenter: But now that one is also on zoom. Oh, yes, do they have to press and wait.
cfns-c120-presenter: Just it's
cfns-c120-presenter: system.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's why we have. We do.
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe it's not like, let me check with the insurance.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: my.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, you want. I'll try this.
cfns-c120-presenter: I've never done somebody else's computer. So yeah. So yeah, let's let's see up a Mac. There.
cfns-c120-presenter: let's try this right?
cfns-c120-presenter: That this this, probably. Yeah. So this
let me.
cfns-c120-presenter: I would give one more shot.
cfns-c120-presenter: That
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, sorry I'm add it
cfns-c120-presenter: absolutely.
cfns-c120-presenter: See, I have.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: I have this.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's strange. No one you
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. So There also
cfns-c120-presenter: they are accessible. So I don't know you should see the links. So finally, more.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, I don't. I don't. I don't. I don't have a Wi-fi.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, I can also try that. But then I will need some of that time. Okay, so I will.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So there wasn't a that came up. That apple was sleeping. But now it's not
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. I
cfns-c120-presenter: I sure it's on the both. Don't leave it on, because we're
cfns-c120-presenter: we're using myful as a hotspot. So
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, it's okay. That's okay. I was trying to. Let's see what happens to.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, good. Good. That's good. Good. Oh, fingers crossed, I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: for sure. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: do you?
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, I accept this. And I, you see, then I need to check my email. And I can use
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. And then it will set me and I will not see anything.
cfns-c120-presenter: No. And then
cfns-c120-presenter: problem is that
cfns-c120-presenter: I can't see any possible.
cfns-c120-presenter: You didn't get an e-mail that had anything I got to name. My, but we found the I'm struggling so yes, and we have Wi-fi, that is so. Yes, Yesterday I tried to register to this. you see gas wi-fi, but I didn't receive I don't
cfns-c120-presenter: password. This is a blonde. Yes, yes, so do you, by any chance, have I? I? No, okay, so that's them that that let's do the registration. Let's let's go. Let's go to the registration.
cfns-c120-presenter: It was interesting.
cfns-c120-presenter: You register here. Then they send you a quote to your email. But while you're here, how do you see it?
cfns-c120-presenter: So in principle. Then you need to have a valid us phone.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's that's a tricky part.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So yeah, you know, when I try to travel. So let let's go. Let's go. No, it doesn't. We will try to. We will try to. Yeah. But you see it. It sends me an email, all the bus phone.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's just it's just that's that's that's that's that's that's that's exactly which means I don't think. Well.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't know if they have any systems that are knowing. Oh, that phone number was already used. Or you just use your, you use your phone number. I use my phone number. Yeah, I should try to use also. Okay, we can try. Yes, yes, of course. And I'll give them also the the email just becomes your username. Yeah, this I know. But you said that they also shoot.
cfns-c120-presenter: They text you or the SMS. Your password. Yeah, they will give. Send you a tax. So your your phone number is of the your Pm. They have a lot of carriers listed. I don't know.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay? And then I will write my, just my.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. So what? What's the first?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, you need to know your carrier. Yeah, they have to know your carrier so they can do that for? Yes, a mass like 5, you know, or
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, and then you click. Yes, okay. But this is, you'll see.
cfns-c120-presenter: here.
cfns-c120-presenter: I can't understand the cool dots. what with this.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's just it's just for a
cfns-c120-presenter: and you probably in the 14.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, and then we try again.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if you put the
cfns-c120-presenter: I try, it's yeah. But it's too.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then I check my on my phone. And yeah, yeah, just give me 1 s.
cfns-c120-presenter: You'll have to do it every day. But
that.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
that
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't see again. Yeah, I I will take care of that time.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's about any
cfns-c120-presenter: that's very strange, because it
cfns-c120-presenter: it's just for my choices. You can send your slide to this computer or whatever. Okay, you can log in to a zoom. Sorry here. Oh, it's already here. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, that'd be great, and so do me a favor.
cfns-c120-presenter: Could you charge this? Could you put your computer into that? It's charging for?
cfns-c120-presenter: Because it's some
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, you're welcome. My name
cfns-c120-presenter: Kansas. Oh, okay, all right. I thought that language was either pulling your check. I could tell it was one of those 2. Just so, you know, I might be getting a phone call this morning. So let me know if that it's set to vibrate right now. But let me know if it starts vibrating. Okay, you're welcome. Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Bobby. How are you doing? Can you hear us?
Abhay Deshpande: I can hear you and I can see you very well, perfect. Exactly. So. Can you hear me? Can we do? Is is I, are you going to show also the the the video? Do you want the video? Just you want to talk.
Abhay Deshpande: No, no, I'm not going to show you any video or slides. Just say a few words. I saw your slides, and I don't think I need to say that
cfns-c120-presenter: that I was just. I think you could see your face or not, because I don't. I see the slides here? Okay. So let me let me call everybody. And so then we can start.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, this, my variable.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, it's it's some.
cfns-c120-presenter: There you go.
cfns-c120-presenter: It was
cfns-c120-presenter: there.
cfns-c120-presenter: and we have thanks for taking notes. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hmm.
cfns-c120-presenter: so
cfns-c120-presenter: no, this is fine. So
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to give my lectures on board, and I guess. Alright. Good morning, everybody. How Bill starts by welcoming you to the school and introducing ourselves.
cfns-c120-presenter: so let me start by introducing myself. I'm Alexa Proclud, and I'm a professor at and state so
cfns-c120-presenter: university, for example, and also a number of here at the of this this school. so the director of the centre for. And here's nuclear sciences is joining us today on Zoom. It'll be here more to create you all. But the Bay is here, so you'll say a few words.
cfns-c120-presenter: I bought the center, and then we will introduce the school and tell you a few things about this school. so I'll be well, go ahead.
Abhay Deshpande: I Well, first of all, I apologize for not being there in person. Something came out on a personal front, and I had to drive my son for a summer program.
Abhay Deshpande: I'm very close to water somewhere near
Abhay Deshpande: in New Hampshire, but I will drive back this afternoon and be with you guys. starting late this evening or tomorrow morning for sure.
Abhay Deshpande: so let me welcome all of you.
Abhay Deshpande: It's great to see you. I can see you all
Abhay Deshpande: through this wonderful video that I see of almost a full room.
Abhay Deshpande: in person to this fourth school
Abhay Deshpande: that we are running.
Abhay Deshpande: and this is the first time we are hosting it along with the Tech. and that has brought in lots of interesting and new and excellent new ideas to our school.
Abhay Deshpande: I'm sure that all of you are going to enjoy
Abhay Deshpande: and and learn a lot
Abhay Deshpande: from some aspect or the other of high energy. Qcd or Eic. because of the wonderful plans that they have put together.
Abhay Deshpande: and the great scientists who are going to teach you in this school.
Abhay Deshpande: So I hope that you ask a lot of questions. We have meant plan to school to have a very significant interactive component.
Abhay Deshpande: it is about the electron and Collider. It's a new project that you will probably work on in about 10 years. So all the people who are teaching here, including me, will probably see you actually run the collider and the detector and interpret the results. As tier is. So this is your opportunity to start learning if you have not done so so far about this future project
Abhay Deshpande: and have fun. That's important.
Abhay Deshpande: Learn a lot, have a lot of discussions, get to know each other because you will be your You are meeting in this room. Some of your future appear.
Abhay Deshpande: So that's also an important connection to build
Abhay Deshpande: our center is supported by the Assignments Foundation and the New York State initially to support high energy. Qcd and Eic, the electron Ion collider
Abhay Deshpande: and one of my main goals is to prepare the workforce.
Abhay Deshpande: And that is you, all of you scientists, young scientists who are going to grow up and run and utilize this this collider. So with that introduction, I will give it to Alexei and Fred, and they will take it for better.
Abhay Deshpande: Thank you. And I'll see you all tomorrow.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: privilege. This year we're running for the first time. We've seen that, and of course spread on this person who communicated with you, and you don't
cfns-c120-presenter: very well. So let me start by just showing a few things about this school. welcome. It's our core school. We started the first 19. We got 25 students down in 2,025,
cfns-c120-presenter: 63 year. But this was an online.
cfns-c120-presenter: Our third school was last year and 2,020. So we have 20 students. So now look at this room. Acts have 40 students we are looking for.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so the reason, of course, is it's very simple. Electronicly, there is.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's a new project that's the forefront of the nuclear science in the United States for next decades to come. And it's very much a stage it's is yours.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So your participation in the project.
cfns-c120-presenter: So make sure. we're to remember this. during the school, let me tell you a few things about the organization of the school.
cfns-c120-presenter: we have a lot of people from
cfns-c120-presenter: obviously finance participating rose. obey the Director of the Center for our appeal.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm
cfns-c120-presenter: chair of the school for the fourth time. And this year Fred and Zach join us.
cfns-c120-presenter: in the organization of this school, and we have learned that once. And you'll see this C tech environment kicking in into into the school.
cfns-c120-presenter: what's important is that a couple of people who help us and use to to feel comfortable. And so choral Rachel and Marvin
cfns-c120-presenter: to your
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's a core which is here. Thank you. So you wanted to tell us about the new cart. They also are very good.
cfns-c120-presenter: Each student will receive a a meal card which is $40 a day. and it regenerates every day $40, and it's for the campus eateries and local theories. I believe, Red, you shared the link. If not, we could share the link to the restaurants that accept the cards. and I'll be in the in the breakthrough after, you know, during the break, and step by and pick it up.
cfns-c120-presenter: and they'll do breakfast every day. 10 days breaks, and 10. We'll have coffee and cookies, and then in the afternoon, also to keep small sugar and caffeine.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thank you. yeah. So that's the project that we'll be talking about. That's the electron and collaborate. And now it's also on like existing for ceiling to relativistic. Here I am quite there, which is radio. There. Now, they are going to add the electron ring to it. So it's
cfns-c120-presenter: a very exciting facility for a very high it's a it's a free time to put it for centimeters inverse where it's per seconds.
cfns-c120-presenter: 1,000 times more than that, or here it will have variable center of mass energy, so on. Why, it's important to have from 20 to 100 g. We upgrade to 140. And so it's called polarized facility. I'm starting
cfns-c120-presenter: spin physics. 70% polarization of electrons and percent nuclear beams. Nuclear physics is very poor and signed beams will be there, for you runs to every nuclei such as both that and uranium. And so visibility of more than one introduction regions. One of the tensors is, it's approved to all the people, including you, I believe, are working on those detectors.
cfns-c120-presenter: But hopefully we'll be able to bring to detectors, and then it's important for scouring potential or the facility
cfns-c120-presenter: the science of the I don't think either emerged many years ago. So I'm just showing this white paper, which was in 2,012, we would like to understand. the nuclear and properties microscopic ones must be how they emerged from the underlying pardons and underlying interactions.
cfns-c120-presenter: We would like to understand how gardens side of the nuclear are distributed to management positions, pace and study, so called three-dimensional infrastructure. We would like to understand how they polish. It works blue on some jet interactive
cfns-c120-presenter: nuclear medium, how this can find. It's a because of freedom of.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so
cfns-c120-presenter: we would like to understand the dense nuclear environments. How it affects works in gluance. What happens when the nuclear density grows
cfns-c120-presenter: or cops will be able to discover the phenomenon of saturation.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so all that will be featured in the lectures. So for our In lectures this year we have maximum group have a theorist, George Sterman, who starts this school.
cfns-c120-presenter: he ends to it from Mit. If you have lean we will. They will talk about Qcd. In different aspects. George's going to talk about. It's Qcd. In general. again's tour. It's going to tell you about 3 dimensional structure. If you're going to be, it's going to
cfns-c120-presenter: talk about latest studies of Ucd,
cfns-c120-presenter: Aaron's Sixth is going to tell us about physics program of
cfns-c120-presenter: they don't like either. So it's So it's going to tell us about the aspects of the the signs. John, it's going to tell us about the tentor technologies and Thomas bring from Jeff Slop. He's going to tell us about application of artificial, and it's
cfns-c120-presenter: new or signs.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is the first week of next big we'll be talking about Florida imagery, or like so sequence point. So we will have lectures about nuclear
cfns-c120-presenter: physics. And so that's physics. So bring to tell us about it. So
cfns-c120-presenter: nuclear effects diffraction and small X physics. so it's going to tell us about connection
cfns-c120-presenter: experiments.
cfns-c120-presenter: particular keeps physics. Timothy hopes, is going to tell us about pardon density. And so global feeds. So
cfns-c120-presenter: and so I guess, Fred, probably you can
cfns-c120-presenter: tell us a little bit about the school. Do you want to start from here? Okay, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Here.
cfns-c120-presenter: see? Yeah. So the we'll start at 9 Am. With the lectures, and breakfast will be every weekday starting in 8. So you know, coming in sometime around then, and then, if you would. this is the Peter pole lecture room We like to keep this need. So please keep the food over there, and if you want to bring a couple of water things like that. We do like to keep it deep. but yeah, 9 to 3, 30, and actually, it'll be
cfns-c120-presenter: little bit of detail about the lectures today. So I have a George, will. George German will start off. And actually, since we have them in room. Let me introduce the other lectures we have. Thomas Britton is going to be doing the tutorials this afternoon.
cfns-c120-presenter: and we have Ian Stewart. So there could be. Actually, you can also chat with them during coffee I saw around around earlier. But he's got so yeah, we're very fortunate to have them with this and feel free to catch them, you know, outside during the break, or this is around the evening. you know, that's that's benefit to have them up close. so yeah. And
cfns-c120-presenter: So at the break break today we'll break for coffee. 1030. so Carl will give you the meal cards very important, and be sure to thank her. She's the one that's doing all the financial and all the logistical things behind the scenes. So she was absolutely crucial to this.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, for at 1130 we will. Well, I'll I'll go for the lunch later. let's see in detail program. I need to go a very important lunch So during the summer things are rather limited here. But the S. A. C. Student activity center has a number of things open Monday to Friday, and so we'll do. We have 90 min for lunch. So we will collect and just head over collectively at 1130,
cfns-c120-presenter: and then 90 min should be fine. We'll come back here, let's just start again at 10'clock in your you'll have a a meal car that will have $40 a day put on to it cumulatively, and so that works at the student activity center, and also a few of the restaurants across the way. So that should be sufficient. And I I will post with the restaurants
cfns-c120-presenter: that works out for dinner. We have a little bit more time. The tutorials start at the touring tutorials start at 2 30, and not only run for an hour, but there's nothing after that. So if you get into it, want to go longer, or having difficulty, with special help that can go on. But today, I'll suggest.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, to have something different than the soon activities center. I suggest we walk across the highway so, and for anyone that would like we can lock your bag in here or to keep it safe. And at 5 30 for anyone. Once we get out toward the railroad station and go find suppress routes across the way, and then come back here at 7, 30, and it's 7 30. We just have a discussion section.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's unstructured. This, not a lecture. But what we'll do is we'll divide you up into groups, and if you look in the participants list on the web page, you'll see. There you have group numbers one through 6 Monday and Tuesday, and we're just gonna assign you randomly into groups, and then you'll get to ponder some of the questions from the day's lectures.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so elections have provided some, and it's just a chance for you to kind of. Think about things, talk about it, and then the wet shoes will float around, and some of the other facilities will be around. So that's scheduled just very formal. And if that goes 25 min, or whatever you get tired, then you just go on and on back so that is scheduled. But we'll try that for dinner.
cfns-c120-presenter: and let's see just a few other things parking permits for those that are commuting. Make sure you get a parking permit for? Put it in your dash, but we don't have enough for the folks in the dorms, please. Park drones and walk over we don't have enough of rooms.
cfns-c120-presenter: also, student talks.
cfns-c120-presenter: We have a couple of slots. We. We have 2 sessions assigned for student talks. We have a few small stuff, that's, you know, optional not required, but particularly for those that the need to do that for travel, for they get travel funding. please let us know we have a couple of those, and we'll talk about those later. Also, I want to say, thank you to you folks for flexing in the dorms. We had the last minute dorm switch because the original dorm was out of. We're not gonna have you water So at the last minute. You that's why you got.
cfns-c120-presenter: I notice, then another notice. so thanks for reflecting. The good news is that way. Everyone has their own room. You don't have to share rooms as we did in the other door. so I think that's it. that's the schedule for today. looking at the week Wednesday. We'll mix it up a little bit we have a special dinner. We're gonna take you over to Port Jeff
cfns-c120-presenter: for the Indian Curry Club, which is very nice treat. they have a nice restaurant in the harbor there. Friday. We're going to have a barbecue downstairs, and then Saturday, Sunday. That's free. So we'll have some suggested activities. But if you want to go in the city, your look around things here, I will have that set up for you. So that's scheduled anything else I'm missing. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, thank you. Pretty good.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in that case, not further, do I have a George kick as well? Thank you, George. Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: so
cfns-c120-presenter: well, I didn't get a microphone, so can people hear me.
cfns-c120-presenter: What really, what's wrong?
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, so well.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's interesting.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I looked online and I counted them up. This is, I think, the 20 ninth C tech school and the first that's been held here at Stony Brooks. So it's a little bit. It's
cfns-c120-presenter: on the one hand, it's very
cfns-c120-presenter: normal for me to talk at sea tech schools. I I don't know. I guess I've attended probably the majority of them. But first time here at home for me. So this is a special pleasure, and thanks to Fred
cfns-c120-presenter: and to Lexi. And who we heard from making this possible. It's certainly in that period of time when we started out there was.
cfns-c120-presenter: no real idea of an electron. I am glider.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now to have the possibility that in the future. It will actually be practically in the neighborhood of stoning from. It's very exciting for those of us who are local.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's exciting physics, of course, that it's driving this. And
cfns-c120-presenter: I was asked to give some lectures to start things off. And so
cfns-c120-presenter: the title that is suggested by the suggestion is deep in elastic scattering and collinear factorization. So that's what I'll be talking about.
cfns-c120-presenter: my lecture today is
cfns-c120-presenter: lot of very basic, and some of it quite intuitive
cfns-c120-presenter: ideas. And then what I have
cfns-c120-presenter: those 4 in the in the coming lectures will be perhaps a little bit more technical talking about how factorization is proved. But it means to prove factorization. And Qcd, and also about this, the the first
cfns-c120-presenter: basic evolution equations, so so called diglap evolution, and and trying to give you an idea for those who who haven't seen it of really have one calculate something in what using Perturbative Qcd, in a case where
cfns-c120-presenter: the whole world is not perturbative, the world is very non perturbative and
cfns-c120-presenter: finding the techniques of perturbative Qcd. Which, after all, are the things that are most closely related to the what we see is the fundamental Lagrange in
cfns-c120-presenter: of of of Qcd. Is something. I think that's interesting.
cfns-c120-presenter: So of course, also, there can be some modifications that we have the evening discussion sections in which we can talk about things that you know are are not yet on the slides.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. So I have. I don't know. I have a bunch of slides, and and but the numbers down here. And when it gets to about 35, and we're getting towards the end.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, so here it is, deep in the lasting, scattering call linear factorization. Here's some old
cfns-c120-presenter: references that are on there we can find much of what's on here, but not not everything.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. So again, what are we talking about? Well. context of Qcds fundamental interactions? this is just to set the whole thing up is to remind ourselves.
cfns-c120-presenter: electromagnetic interactions. We certainly yeah. Among the first to to involve the analysis after the development of classical mechanics
cfns-c120-presenter: plus the week interactions gives. I like your week and then plus Qcd, the strong interactions. I mean, it's not that long ago, when a theory really viable theory, Qcd was written down for the strong interactions and together with them with the electro week, it gives us the standard model.
cfns-c120-presenter: of course, plus whatever it is that we're all.
cfns-c120-presenter: Let's see, here's the thing. Yeah, plus well, we don't know what gives gravity and the rest.
cfns-c120-presenter: but from a historic point of view, Qcd is a theory that's off to a good start.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean some extent. What says? Well, this is the established theory of the strong interactions.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in some sense Newtonian gravity was the established theory of classical gravity. when classical was all there was.
cfns-c120-presenter: But nevertheless, it's a theory of that's still being discussed and developed today.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in some sense the analogy I like to draw is that starting with Newtonian
cfns-c120-presenter: gravitational interaction, it immediately gave elliptical orbits. And this was just amazing. There are Kepler's laws, right derived from some very, very simple concepts.
cfns-c120-presenter: But within a very short time people began to realize that there were fundamental things about classical gravity that could not be easily understood in terms of the kind of analysis that gives the elliptical orbits of the planets, and in particular is the 3 body problem, the moon, the sun, and the earth. Never mind the other planets.
cfns-c120-presenter: It was pretty very early, kind of a matter of 20 years without an Internet
cfns-c120-presenter: and people realized it was a fundamental problem which was the stability of the of the solar system which is still being studied today.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, Qcds
cfns-c120-presenter: off to in some ways an analogous start, starting with the Qcd. And Lagrangian of the form of Quarks interacting with the glue on field and then being direct works for the most part, plus the interaction of the glue on field itself, and a generalization of Maxwell's
cfns-c120-presenter: equations, which I might say was developed just a few miles from here in Brooklyn Lab.
cfns-c120-presenter: in the famous paper of Young and Mills, 1954,
cfns-c120-presenter: right on the site where the Eic will be. Well, anyway, it it was realized after a while that this gave the property of asymptotic freedom which it helped explain. The qualitative feature called scaling, that we'll talk about a little while.
cfns-c120-presenter: But of course, really in the, in the, in the middle of all this there are issues of confinement.
cfns-c120-presenter: The fact that we don't see the free works that are supposed to be at the basis of our Qcd. Lagrangian, or let alone the blue ones. We have to do something to try to infer
cfns-c120-presenter: where those things are coming from.
cfns-c120-presenter: So to some extent, this confinement of Qcd. Is the analog of the 3 body problem in Newtonian gravity.
cfns-c120-presenter: and it's history repeating itself in some way from an intellectual point of view.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's partly what makes all these things exciting.
cfns-c120-presenter: so let's see, here's the one to yeah. Here we go. So here in this morning.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, I'll take you. I I will now illustrate as you as you get older. The biggest mistake that speakers make.
cfns-c120-presenter: which is, they get to their outline, and they spend half the talk in the outline page.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I will. I'll try and keep it to a third of the talk. Okay, so
cfns-c120-presenter: we'll really quickly remind ourselves about nucleons and forks. We'll talk about deep and elastic scattering. And really, the main part of today is to talk about structure functions and and scaling and related ideas and factorization. I really should have put here and then at the end. If there's time this morning, we'll talk about the classic, so called, part time, model extensions, fragmentation, and drill, in which I believe that in store we'll talk much more about.
cfns-c120-presenter: So what we'll do is introduce concepts and results. That pre-date Qcd.
cfns-c120-presenter: Led to Qcd. And were incorporated and explained by Qcd.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, okay, the other thing is, please interrupt with questions. I will be so great.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so real quick, like. reminding ourselves from nucleons to quartz, right? So proton and neutron, it was actually Heisenberg.
cfns-c120-presenter: And as early as the 1930 S. Who realized that there was a way of thinking about the proton and neutron as being, on the one hand extremely distinct. They have different electric charge and slightly different mass.
cfns-c120-presenter: but in many ways their siblings, and the way that you describe those in terms of a symmetry, proton and neutron, and if one could neglect electromagnetism, the 2 were indistinguishable could be transformed the one into the other.
cfns-c120-presenter: So These are ideas, of course, right familiar then, as time went on, one discovered the pions, which again are almost degenerate. Not quite well. The pi plus the pi minus the degenerate result of Cbt symmetry. But to find what slightly different again differing in electric charge, and described in terms of the same property of Isis span. Here I has been one half as though it were
cfns-c120-presenter: description of the rotation group
cfns-c120-presenter: the is the The actual transformations are the same. It's in the rotation group, and for the pi on the Isis spin up plus plus or minus one for the charge clients and 0 for the neutral one. Yes, the question is happening up here.
cfns-c120-presenter: So how that that assumption, or that approximation is good. To what?
cfns-c120-presenter: Well it depends. The question is.
cfns-c120-presenter: how good is the approximation that the proton and the neutron are degenerate. or in some sense equivalent. And from the point of view of the masses it's quite a good approximation.
cfns-c120-presenter: You can see the masses
cfns-c120-presenter: here. This may not be the only or the most relevant measure. Partly the measure is their interactions, but their interactions say with the plans very well given by this, and it's the basis for so called chiral perturbation theory, which I won't talk about in these lectures. But the symmetry is very, very powerful.
cfns-c120-presenter: and in fact, it was almost the only thing one had until the creation.
cfns-c120-presenter: But again, you see, these masses here differ by
cfns-c120-presenter: one Mev. Out of a thousand.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. So here is a picture of this idea of Isis in space. It's
cfns-c120-presenter: a flow.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we sort of can imagine that somebody said, Oh, I mean forgetting about the son from the phone
cfns-c120-presenter: that the proton is the North Pole.
cfns-c120-presenter: The neutron is the south pole. You get from the North pole to the South Pole
cfns-c120-presenter: by by emitting what we call a pi plus. And you say, Well, how do? Why do we pick the North Pole? Well, we pick the North Pole because there's something out there in the world which is not part of the globe itself, but which distinguishes different parts of the globe, and here we can think of that as the North Star, right? So the protons looking up at the North Star, the neutron
cfns-c120-presenter: is on the other side of the from the North Star, and we get from one to the other by emitting these bosons. In this case the scalar
cfns-c120-presenter: and the analog is the rotation group. So the Su 2, rotation is just like this three-dimensional rotation group, this respect where specifically, it's the group su 2.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this was all very fine. But where did it come from? Well, the next step in this telescope history is that the pione and and the nucleons here the proton neutron denoted collectively as capital. N,
cfns-c120-presenter: not an integer.
cfns-c120-presenter: they have a common substructure. That's the works. This was El mon, and slide independently, 1964, which is actually one time.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, so I give a talk actually in the neighborhood here. And He talked about
cfns-c120-presenter: that he was scale on student.
cfns-c120-presenter: but Gilmont went to Cern on Sabbatical.
cfns-c120-presenter: So he every week you talk to Feynman once a week.
cfns-c120-presenter: and Gilman
cfns-c120-presenter: concern, and why? And the student in Caltech
cfns-c120-presenter: both independently invented the thing we now know. It's courts. So it's kind of a neat story.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in any case, the parks have spin their their direct fermions
cfns-c120-presenter: it's been one half They have that same iicense in one half. Get that connecting to you and deport but another port, and this one the strange part. That's the one that really was the essence of discovering the work model.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, it was really seeing the States that were available
cfns-c120-presenter: with this property of strangeness, and how difficult, under some circumstances, it is to get rid of the strangeness that led to the development of the
cfns-c120-presenter: and Here they have approximately equal masses, although the strange work is somewhat heavier.
cfns-c120-presenter: and here are the properties that we, I think we know the you quark two-thirds of the positron charge, the deport minus the third, the strange fork minus the third, but in the Iso spin you would d have this, I 3 and half and minus a half, and I 3 of 0 strange port. And here are these familiar combinations. You you d for the proton, you dd for the neutron
cfns-c120-presenter: you d bar for the pipel, and so forth.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is not, I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: this is by way, I I think a review is, and as a kind of war. so this is the port model. And it's this itself, remember reminding ourselves. So the pork model nucleon.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you say, well, the nuclei honestly say to us, and it
cfns-c120-presenter: it has a symmetric spin. And is it been wave function?
cfns-c120-presenter: I turn to this in a second and and early success was that it gave in terms of the magnetic moment of the proton, divided by the magnetic moment of the neutron, a minus two-thirds, and this turns out to be good to a few. This was a tremendous success. So kind of mini elliptical orbit success said, Hey, there's something to these works.
cfns-c120-presenter: You can make wave functions out of them and talk about their symmetries really make sense, of course. Yes. So what percentage is that? I'll what's that? In terms of the I don't mean I honestly, I don't have available, but it's a few percent. I mean, it's really much better than
cfns-c120-presenter: I I suppose. Now, one can
cfns-c120-presenter: calculate these things on the lattice and see.
cfns-c120-presenter: indeed, that this is the case. But in in the theory the fundamental theory.
cfns-c120-presenter: But I don't think a real explanation of why it works so well
cfns-c120-presenter: is has been given.
cfns-c120-presenter: but it does, and well, in any case. Now the idea of ports are using all the kind of things that we're going to talk about as the hour goes along is now just the 3 light ports which is the original collection of the port model, and 3 more heavy parts charm the bottom and the top that that complete the list of parts in the standard model.
cfns-c120-presenter: and all of these, except for the top work, the very heaviest, which is really having 172 times the mass of the of the of the proton, but all of the others formed bound states of the port model type. So port model is useful, but it doesn't show everything. And in fact, the the
cfns-c120-presenter: discovery of exotic states that cern elsewhere have has really revolutionized this topic. Again, where there are states that can't be simply described, heavier states, and of course unstable. They can't be described entirely in the port model.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the idea, then, is, we have the core model, let's say, for the port model on in this lecture. we think of now, we're going to make the transition to ports, to the familiar term, I'm sure, to everyone which is part time.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, immediately, people say, for you know in these charges 2 thirds minus the third.
cfns-c120-presenter: It was one of these. Well.
cfns-c120-presenter: is it really worth it kind of moments, but you know it had some successes and helped organize most of. Oh, by the way, one of the things, of course, was a bit.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know. In any case. that's why. When he recounted, he said, you know, there was something which eventually evolved into the particle data group list of particles and particle properties.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the that list at the time, which was like 1960, something
cfns-c120-presenter: with the page long.
cfns-c120-presenter: and about a third of the entries were wrong. Okay? So it was
cfns-c120-presenter: I. You know it was there. But it wasn't. It wasn't that obvious.
all right.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in any case. People went out very early and looked for fractional charges. And and indeed, this is something that still goes on
cfns-c120-presenter: today, but none were ever seen. And and this is what we call confinement. School forks are there, but they're confined. So this. And and then the question is, what does that mean, will we ever have a theory of that?
cfns-c120-presenter: And well, that's what we're gonna do. So I'm question, yes, okay, something that's long kind of confused me is that quartz exist of the corpse. We're we say corpse only exist bound states. But then we have this top court which decays, for it forms a bound state. So when we, when we detect top cork, are we seeing an individual work?
cfns-c120-presenter: So the question is, works are confined with the top court
cfns-c120-presenter: the case. So we see it directly, and that's
cfns-c120-presenter: the beauty of the talk for one of its many. But it's It is truly not so. What does it mean to be seeing effects of the other ports? He came.
cfns-c120-presenter: But
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: I the the statement is I. It it is correct to say that it's top, for it exists only as it for which really means it just doesn't have. The confinement
cfns-c120-presenter: is a long is as we'll discuss a little bit a long time. Phenomena. It takes a while for 2 courts to get together. I mean a while from core point of view. From our point of view, it's not so long to
cfns-c120-presenter: have several, many interactions, enough interactions to know that they're able to form a bound state.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So these energy differences are really rather small, we say, Well, how long? How long does it take? Well, it's something like the mess of the pione or so in exchange a bunch of
cfns-c120-presenter: blue ones and or
cfns-c120-presenter: ions whatever to
cfns-c120-presenter: form this bound state. So it's something like a time of order. Hrc. Over 100 G, and V,
cfns-c120-presenter: a hundred. Anything?
cfns-c120-presenter: Several 100 heavy. V, okay, so it's something along the times of a Fermi times in time. what is that distance divided by C. So it's like a really short time, 10 to the minus something, 20, some seconds. But the top core decays much faster than that
cfns-c120-presenter: because it's so heavy. This is huge amount of phase space. See? That's the thing that happens.
cfns-c120-presenter: What happens. And this will occur again when we talk about deep elastic scattering what happens in.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that drives the way quantum mechanical processes go as you go to larger and larger. Well momentum transfer.
cfns-c120-presenter: and more and more localized in space and time interactions is that the counting of the number of available States begins to drive the calculation.
cfns-c120-presenter: and as you go to higher momentum transfers. You have more and more states. Just the same counting of states that you do when you do like
cfns-c120-presenter: the from statistical mechanics, the number of States and the Max that drives the Maxwell distribution back to a Boltzmann distribution. Same thing happens here
cfns-c120-presenter: with the top quark. It's got 172 times the mass of protons. It has a huge phase space of states, even though it's decaying into only, you know, 2 particles say A. W and a bottom port.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that makes that. That's what makes that decay rate so fast.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: all right. So the question, then, is, we have these quirks of with fractional charges. Could such a particle be detected?
cfns-c120-presenter: So the idea was to look a little closer and and do high energy electrons. So the question composed take high energy electrons. So the thing about that is you have to have high energy electrons.
cfns-c120-presenter: That was technology technology as a point of view of well, just sort of electronic stuff was being developed after World War 2, and into the fifties and sixties, much of the technology being driven by commercial interests and consumer goods. But people began, you know, semiconductors and using quantum mechanics to understand
cfns-c120-presenter: how you can develop beams. And also how you can get large magnetic fields and it and accelerate things, I mean, of course, the biggest acceleration of electrons was in the old TV tubes.
cfns-c120-presenter: which were also being developed at the same time. So, as technology advanced, it suddenly became possible to think about very, very high energy electrons with energies larger than the mass
cfns-c120-presenter: massive. The proton kinetic energy is larger than the the energy associated with the rest. Massive proton. And this led in slack. In the late 1960 S. To do what you might call a rough
cfns-c120-presenter: into experiment. We're very, very high in the electrons. We're shined on new.
cfns-c120-presenter: I just pardon me a moment.
cfns-c120-presenter: Take a set.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so here it is the electron comes in and we'll use this notation of momentum. K, and the idea is, is it going to bounce off something like a fork
cfns-c120-presenter: that's inside
cfns-c120-presenter: the here's the proton proton for us. This is a simple model of the proton also known as the Circle.
cfns-c120-presenter: but because, you know, that's what I mean. That's kind of what it was, you know. And so the electron comes out with some momentum. K. Prime, and it's lost some energy. We'll talk about how to find how people quantify that. And the question is, will something come out, I mean, until you really did the experiment, you might say, hey, you know. So an up cork will come. How will I have charge? Two-thirds. Well, it wasn't quite that simple, but something like that.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in trying to look for point like constituents, if there are point like constituents, you won't expect to find very many electrons coming out with a large momentum transfer just because of the of the uncertainty principle. You have to have an interaction.
cfns-c120-presenter: Large interaction has to occur really locally. Okay. But if there's nothing there to interact with, you know, it's a big disappointment.
cfns-c120-presenter: So or you really happy because you have another picture. It says there shouldn't have been anything there. All righty. Now, the neat thing about this is
cfns-c120-presenter: that the angular distribution, the difference between K and K is is. Well, there's first of all the question, what's the energy of your outgoing electron? And then the
cfns-c120-presenter: distribution of angles which the electrons come out after they scatter. Assuming they did
cfns-c120-presenter: so. The angular distribution gives information on the constituents, because that was what could describe how the electron bounces off these little. They were not
cfns-c120-presenter: phone of his green. So here's the kinematics. That is the basic kinematics from slack in the late sixties. And it's the basic kinematics for the electron, I and Collider. So
cfns-c120-presenter: it's yeah. So these are our the is the notation that people often use. So here's a a different picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: proton. And the electron comes in. And here, this V here, it just means a vector particle for slack and for much of the E. I, C.
cfns-c120-presenter: program. This will just be a a virtual photon. Single photon will be exchanged
cfns-c120-presenter: It carries momentum which is generically called queue.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the simplest thing would be that we have an elastic scattering of some constituent of the proton with a fractional momentum. X of the proton moments. P.
cfns-c120-presenter: So xp. Goes into some P. Prime, which is xp plus q. So the queue is a local emission, and then a local absorption of this single photon
cfns-c120-presenter: to give a new particle
cfns-c120-presenter: which is P. Prime, which is x, p plus Q. Not going in the same direction as the proton. I. Here. We're thinking of this in terms of a kind of center of mass frame. We're both proton and the electron are
cfns-c120-presenter: are are moving towards each other.
cfns-c120-presenter: And well, generally speaking, if these is a photon, or at higher energies, Z. Not. This is called a neutral current interaction, because the current we're thinking about are the electric current of the electron and the electric current here of this work, which is the
cfns-c120-presenter: constituents of the of the proton number after, and then also in at high energies. One often one see things like exchange of charged
cfns-c120-presenter: vector bosons of W minus and the W plus. And then an electron can turn into a neutrino. You can also have you on beams. Turn them into neutrinos. These are charge curve. This. It won't be particularly the topics that we'll be discussing today.
cfns-c120-presenter: So there's another object which is our quantity, which is a basic interest. It's often
cfns-c120-presenter: denoted by W. It is is the momentum of the proton plus the momentum of this
cfns-c120-presenter: exchanged photon.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's p plus q the quantity squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: And here it that's the invariant mass of this whole new system that we have here since this system is a strongly interacting system. Here we can
cfns-c120-presenter: look at the electron it could come out with, as as it says. L, because this could have been a a charge current interaction in this general form.
cfns-c120-presenter: But if we can observe this, so in particular, it's not a neutrino on momentum k prime. We know all we need to know. We know what queue is. And then, once we know a queue is, we can add it to P and get this W squared. And this is the strongly interacting system. So this system here is really different. Some of the energy is is has been taken from the electron and given to a system whose invariant mass
cfns-c120-presenter: can be made much larger than the mass of the proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's goes by the name of deep, deep in elastic or deeply inelastic
cfns-c120-presenter: whoops. Did I have an 11 here. Oh, yeah. So here the idea in this picture is often described by what is called part time mom.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the basic part on model relation. And this is really where we begin to get into
cfns-c120-presenter: the ideas that are the and the the analysis of high energy interactions, not only at deep and elastic scattering, but also in Hadron providers.
cfns-c120-presenter: But we start with it a basic part time model relation here at the top, which is something which is really surprising.
cfns-c120-presenter: It says the cross section.
cfns-c120-presenter: inclusive cross-section at very, very large queue. So this. So by inclusive, what do we mean? Let me go back to the picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's this way.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: going back to the picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: here we are. all right.
cfns-c120-presenter: The what we do is in the inclusive cross sections.
cfns-c120-presenter: Still, yeah, here we are.
cfns-c120-presenter: We say, okay, remember all. If we observe this outgoing electron
cfns-c120-presenter: we will know what the momentum queue is.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so we know what the invariant mass of this system is, but we don't know what it consists of. So we do the experiment a lot of different times. I mean, originally, all we had to do is look for the electron rather than looking into the details of the system. And once we sum over the all the Hadronic States we call that inclusive cross section
cfns-c120-presenter: inclusive will matter a lot.
cfns-c120-presenter: did I? Now, somehow or other, I keep
cfns-c120-presenter: alright. So we saw this. Oh, yeah, so we won't.
cfns-c120-presenter: The next one. Yes, it is it. It's actually it actually makes sense that it's excellent. So here's a little bit more about the
cfns-c120-presenter: the typical notation that one uses, and the counters in discussions of deeply less scattering.
cfns-c120-presenter: So again, Q. Capital. Q. A. Little Q lowercase. Q is the momentum transfer. You square it.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in the common notation, where time, like vector square to positive quantities and space like negative quantities, Q is space like because it it's it's the difference between this momentum, like like momentum, or almost like like moment of K prime and momentum K,
cfns-c120-presenter: so Q squared is negative, and this capital Q squared is thought of as a positive quantity is just minus little Q squared. And the idea is, we want this. Q squared. Capital Q squared to be much larger than the massive proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this, again, is K. Prime. The momentum transfer. How the quantity here that one. It's very important in this context, so called. Arcade scaling variable X is Q squared over 2 p. Dot. Q.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's the one P is getting momentum of the proton queue is the momentum transfer.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is, in fact, the momentum fraction
cfns-c120-presenter: of the struck fork
cfns-c120-presenter: in the model where the process goes forward
cfns-c120-presenter: by one of the constituents whose mass we neglect has momentum. X times. P. For x is some number between 0 and one. That's the fractional momentum.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then it absorbs momentum queue, and then xp, plus Q. Red sees square on your side squared, should also be a light like momentum. So the this is elastic scattering of this
cfns-c120-presenter: constituent or part time or one.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, why? Why does Key Prime has to be on show? If there are many there could be many. So the question is, why this P. Prime has to be on shell. The answer is, it didn't have to be on shell.
cfns-c120-presenter: but we're going to see what
cfns-c120-presenter: what it means. If we assume it's on show. Okay, we're going to try to interpret that.
cfns-c120-presenter: But the basic observation that was made in this question is that many things can happen.
cfns-c120-presenter: And indeed.
cfns-c120-presenter: when I said the word inclusive, it's precisely that point. We're not going to ask what
cfns-c120-presenter: what really happened to the struck, for
cfns-c120-presenter: we're just going to observe that with the space like momentum queue, if a constituent which is light bike
cfns-c120-presenter: absorbs it and scatters elastically.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then we have a something that
cfns-c120-presenter: at the lowest order we can actually calculate. We'll see that that
cfns-c120-presenter: plays absolutely central role in our description of the process.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So we don't. Really, we accept the idea that many, many things can happen. And we're not going to be able to observe at least that this level in the inclusive cross-section what it is. But yet we're still going to follow through with this idea. And this was a great idea of Feynman.
cfns-c120-presenter: as a way of describing the more mathematically oriented analysis of your to describe these experiments. So in any case.
cfns-c120-presenter: you notice that this.
cfns-c120-presenter: knowing what X is does not require us to make the interpretation
cfns-c120-presenter: that is given in this part time. Picture
cfns-c120-presenter: X. All you need to know is what queue is in P is, you
cfns-c120-presenter: repair your your protons, and they have momentum key. You prepare your electrons. And then, looking at the scattered electron, you can find out what queue is now have P. And Q. You can calculate. X.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then you say, well, you know, if
cfns-c120-presenter: this process went through the scattering, the elastic scattering of a constituent. Then X would be related to that fractional moment. and then you have to go out and say, Well, is that just sort of a curiosity? Or does that actually give us okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: And Feynman realized it should give us something. And indeed it does.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. There's another quantity which is called why
cfns-c120-presenter: and why is p dot, q over p dot, K.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this, this is an amusing thing. This is some. The fractional energy transfer.
cfns-c120-presenter: How much energy the electron gives up.
cfns-c120-presenter: Of course, if you say how much energy you have to say, some frame, and that's in the frame, which is the proton best friend.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? Because in the proton rest frame the denominator, which is P. Dot, K,
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, the P only has a 0 component, which is M. And T. Dot K would be M. K. 9,
cfns-c120-presenter: and then up here P. Dot q
cfns-c120-presenter: is. Then the energy is mqed on it. So this ratio becomes Q. Naught over K. Norm
cfns-c120-presenter: in the rest frame of the proton. And so this tells you how much energy is given up by the electron, at least in one frame. And you think about the electron had to give up some energy, because otherwise
cfns-c120-presenter: you wouldn't have enough energy to form this big state of strongly interacting matter that you get out of the hard scattering.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. So moving W. Squared, which we said before, is p plus Q squared. The extent that you neglect all the masses involved. This is Q squared, one minus x over x.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it says interestingly, as X gets smaller. W. Squared increases.
cfns-c120-presenter: and X getting small is a a limit that will be of great interest as school goes along and talking about the future of the eic, because he's small. X. What's happening is that you create this very, very heavy
cfns-c120-presenter: hydraulic states. And typically
cfns-c120-presenter: well, anyway, let me just say that it's it's of interest
cfns-c120-presenter: already, and so useful identity is again neglecting masses X times Y is equal to Q squared over. S. That's sort of neat. Actually, this
cfns-c120-presenter: all right. Thanks. I'm I'm I'm looking at the position of this electron and proton here. So what in it is? Are we looking at? What the energy, what energies which and it's it's a rating. The
cfns-c120-presenter: this isn't supposed, I mean, when
cfns-c120-presenter: the analysis here, it's not really analysis. This is just kinematics. But we're doing the kinematics. Assuming that proton mass can just be set to 0, and that whole of our particles can be thought of as light like it's like a light like proton, you know, hitting a light like electron. So you'd think this only would really
cfns-c120-presenter: makes sense a hundred times the mass of the proton or something. So you have 1% correction if it RAM over E or
cfns-c120-presenter: 10 to the minus 4 for M squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: But the amazing thing that happens which is
cfns-c120-presenter: again not completely understood even to this day, although it's somewhat understood, is that for these inclusive cross-section, this works.
cfns-c120-presenter: when the energy of the electron is a handful of times 6, 7, 10 times massive proton. That seems to be enough to to make this picture
cfns-c120-presenter: work rather well.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that sometimes goes by the name of precocious scaling, or did
cfns-c120-presenter: back in the day.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's still something that's not completely understood.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's one of those cases where nature maybe nature was fully. Yes, but it turned out not to be the case. It was like very cooperative.
cfns-c120-presenter: There were reasons for realizing that it wasn't just. It had to do, actually not just with the Q squared and the energy k naught that w squared we could achieve, but also the particular range of X whoops.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, I see I keep going forward
cfns-c120-presenter: all right.
cfns-c120-presenter: Right? So the particular range of now this is a little light here. Yeah, the particular range of X that was available kinematically to the slack experiments, and they showed the the aspects of this which are particularly well described.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't know that happens. anyway.
cfns-c120-presenter: particularly well described by this picture of elastic scattering
cfns-c120-presenter: to get some idea of why
cfns-c120-presenter: elastic scattering has a lot to do with this.
cfns-c120-presenter: What we really here's something this, actually I I've kept this. Why
cfns-c120-presenter: is you see here, this goes back to, I believe, the first the tech summer school.
cfns-c120-presenter: But anyway, this is nature. It's still true. So here this is before and after the collision.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's and then, you know, we talked about. Oh, let's look at Proton restoring. Because then why is the energy transfer? But now let's look at things differently. Let's look at it in the electrons risk frame.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the electron is speeding around, you know, Circle. But it's it's it's happy, you know. It's in a vacuum. Nothing is going on. It's taking it easy. And here we have that.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is the electron. But, Lil, does it know that in the opposite direction
cfns-c120-presenter: of its motion, which has been hosted to 0,
cfns-c120-presenter: comes a proton. and the proton consists of a bunch of constituents.
cfns-c120-presenter: and as we move very rapidly, the constituents have these fractional momentum. P. X. Times, p. So x of I. And
cfns-c120-presenter: we'll assume that the proton is made entirely of these constituents.
cfns-c120-presenter: you might say, but the constituents are interacting right? They're exchanging. You know, we know they're exchanging. And all this other stuff is going on. It's a beehive activity. But the thing is in the electrons frame.
cfns-c120-presenter: The proton is like Super Lorentz contracted, and time dialing. So all of the characteristic interactions that find the proton together
cfns-c120-presenter: again. This is all just words. But I'm not entirely just really
cfns-c120-presenter: our time dialing, so that in some sense the proton is acting as though we're frozen
cfns-c120-presenter: as it would go by, except in this particular case. It doesn't go by. It hits the poor electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: So here our constituents and the way to describe them is well because of the Lorentz contraction. The proton is flat
cfns-c120-presenter: because of time dilation. Its internal interactions are frozen. and because of causality, because the darn thing is approaching essentially at the speed of light. There's no way for it to send the signal, you know, ahead of time.
cfns-c120-presenter: Punch out pro. You know, it's like one of these you could imagine, like a
cfns-c120-presenter: an electron proton avoidance system. I think that's going to be in the next.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, electric car
cfns-c120-presenter: model, but you can't do it because the thing is coming at the speed of light. It sends out the photon. The photon is, hey? You still here? Yeah, we hold it to be light. What do you expect me to talk? I'm told my saying you're doing the same thing. So anyway. So therefore it is oops
cfns-c120-presenter: and
gotcha.
cfns-c120-presenter: It is in this extent flat, frozen, and unexpected. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: so now
cfns-c120-presenter: our our friend the proton hits our friend the electron, and here's what happens afterwards. The electron is scattered now, his momentum capable. Okay? And here's some stars. these are like soft phone dogs, because the electron has a charge, so, being accelerated is going to radiate a little bit. Okay, at least a little bit.
cfns-c120-presenter: But for the most part what happens is that all of our
cfns-c120-presenter: our partons, which were up here in the original proton are still here as fragments because they didn't hit the electron. Just one of them hit the electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: But the one that hit the electron has now momentum. So it's the I part time it's x of I plus Q, and it's free. So, therefore it has a smiley face that's free for a little.
cfns-c120-presenter: but from the part time point of view it takes a long time to remember for a of a pro hadron to form.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So
cfns-c120-presenter: off our electron goes with Momentum K prime. Here's our free part time. And here are all the fragments. And this is another picture of me.
cfns-c120-presenter: Any questions about this. So this thing? Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: much, much higher than that. No, in. So the question was about the energy scales and the original I don't know. Slack slack was about a 10 Gv. B. I think, written in the original. That does that sound about right. But then my question is, is, the pros are really coming up to you as an electron at the speed of light?
cfns-c120-presenter: So the then the question again. The scale, how? How?
cfns-c120-presenter: For such an electron back, then in slack, how flat.
cfns-c120-presenter: how frozen, how unexpected!
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, apparently enough, but again very difficult to estimate our priority with the directions would be, although that's a, you know, a subject which is great interest even to today, because it's these transitional energies. In fact, that's those scales are part of why people are looking forward to the Eic want to go to the highest energies, but also want to come down.
cfns-c120-presenter: So these intermediate energies just try to figure out what should we be looking at to understand this. as people say, the transition between mark degrees of freedom and had running.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. Oh, my goodness.
cfns-c120-presenter: I see I'm not going to be getting to that
cfns-c120-presenter: slide. 35 or 36. But there is one thing I do, wanna I hope? I, okay, so
cfns-c120-presenter: so this is this is the part time, model relation, basic part time, model relation which is generalized to give Qcd factorization, so called Co. Linear factors.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the part time how the relation is, in fact, the the original form of Covid station.
cfns-c120-presenter: and what it says is that
cfns-c120-presenter: for the in last, for the inclusive Cross section
cfns-c120-presenter: to map an inclusive cross section depends on P. And on Q. It also depends on K. But I just didn't write it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. that it whoops. Here we go. We are. Yeah. Oh, gosh! It tends to skip twice when I do that.
cfns-c120-presenter: This
cfns-c120-presenter: okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: All right, keep. I? Oh, all right, I'm just gonna wait at it. Okay, the top here.
cfns-c120-presenter: The inclusive cross-section on the left is given by the elastic, scattering cross-section times
cfns-c120-presenter: for each variable here. We're calling it C, because it's a variable. But C is like X, you know, it's like green text.
cfns-c120-presenter: we integrate over C, which is to say, we look at all the possible momentum fractions that part time could take some over the part to oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, we're talking about it. 6, 19 sixties experiment. We ought to use 1960 s. Equipment
cfns-c120-presenter: times, the probability of finding a part time of type A with momentum fraction C,
cfns-c120-presenter: and if you hit that one you scatter according to the elastic scattering cross-section.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? And that the claim is we'll give you the inclusive cross-section.
cfns-c120-presenter: So again, this is the inclusive, and notice what that is. Give k plus some hadron and momentum. P is K prime, which is k minus q plus a sub state X, which is the strongly interacting state now with momentum, total momentum p plus q.
cfns-c120-presenter: And here's signal elastic is again the elastic cross-section, and that if we know what the electric charge of our parts on A is, then we can calculate the lowest order e plus a goes to e plus a
cfns-c120-presenter: with momentum transfer queue.
cfns-c120-presenter: And again, by saying that this outgoing part on a should be a massless, that's what determines X to be
cfns-c120-presenter: minus little Q squared, which is also big. Q squared over 2 p. Dot. Q.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: here again. we want to emphasize this function. Phi of a and H, where again H could be the proton neutron
cfns-c120-presenter: it could be hamburger.
cfns-c120-presenter: is the distribution of part time a. In Hadron H. A probability
cfns-c120-presenter: it should have had an end. What? Or a part? Time of type? A. To have momentum. See? P. Oh, actually, there's the end quote.
cfns-c120-presenter: And here's the thing which is the statement that we know is factorization.
cfns-c120-presenter: This function 5 a. And H of C is independent of the details of the hard scattering it. Doesn't it know anything. It's a statement about the proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is the hallmark of factorization. Okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: Any.
cfns-c120-presenter: So here's our question. See? This is coming back to the question that you raised, I mean, couldn't all these other things happen?
cfns-c120-presenter: And the statement here is not oh, we're only taking into account this.
cfns-c120-presenter: Rather, we're saying, we're using this to calculate the inclusive cross section on the inclusive cross-section. The left hand side
cfns-c120-presenter: is given by everything.
cfns-c120-presenter: Anything that could happen in that kinematics will happen, and we will count it on the right hand side, though we're using a lowest order.
cfns-c120-presenter: The meaning actually, zeroth order in Qcd
cfns-c120-presenter: cross section times a part time distribution, where the part time distribution again is completely universal.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright. So, moving right along.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I've used my role here. So there was quite a lot of discussion. I I think, last year on that.
cfns-c120-presenter: So right now we are saying that this function is a probability.
cfns-c120-presenter: but of course, very quickly. We will figure out that we have to see. And then now our objects infinities and the integrals, and where for Yada Yad, the other, we will have a lot of management of that.
cfns-c120-presenter: And at that point people argue that this functions can become negative, for instance, so they lose their probabilistic interpretation
cfns-c120-presenter: so I wanted to. Just to see what's your opinion on how important
cfns-c120-presenter: it all the probabilistic interpretation
cfns-c120-presenter: those function is, at least that the leading order at leading order. It's important that they be probabilistic. But leading order here means
cfns-c120-presenter: taking this to be the elastic scattering cross-section. Well, what we'll see in Qcd, so here there's a complete
cfns-c120-presenter: Barry.
cfns-c120-presenter: You have the elastic scattering taking place. Photon is is absorbed by part time the part time goes. It's married way.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? And then there's the probability distribution. There's no possible way for those 2 things to know about each other just because they're not made out of the same things. The only thing that they have in common sort of is that part time being, be massless, but that you can relax. But the point here is, all the strong interactions are in Phi.
cfns-c120-presenter: and there is no strong interaction information in this Sigma elastic
cfns-c120-presenter: that, however. as we look at what quantum field theory will say to us. we'll have to give that separation up. We will have to have
cfns-c120-presenter: a trends sort of ability to organize information about the strong interactions, both here and both there, because the strong interactions do exist at these very, very short distances, although because
cfns-c120-presenter: got him, I running out of time all right, anyway. because and then we invoke asymptotic freedom to say, we can actually manage this better and things like that. But here this separation, all the strong interactions are in 5
cfns-c120-presenter: there. This this does have to be a problem. I believe.
cfns-c120-presenter: But then, once we give that up, we'll find that we can, we have a certain freedom, and how we define fine, and how we define Sigma lasting, and that very freedom, that freedom is what gives rise to this idea of evolution.
cfns-c120-presenter: as we'll see
cfns-c120-presenter: hearing.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So in words, then, the hydronic inelastic cross-section is the sum of convolutions. So this convolution here, although I haven't written it as a mathematical convolution, but that represents
cfns-c120-presenter: this integral that's in the top. The integral over seen
cfns-c120-presenter: of partonic elastic cross-sections
cfns-c120-presenter: with the Hadrons part time distributions.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the assertion at the bottom of this, or at least one way of looking at it, is that quantum mechanical in coherence
cfns-c120-presenter: of large momentum transfer scattering. That's the last thing we're described by the elastic
cfns-c120-presenter: and the partonic distributions.
cfns-c120-presenter: We multiply probabilities without first adding up the amplitudes.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, that's something which, at the time when people wrote this down, said, Well, this this is a nice theory, but it's kind of
cfns-c120-presenter: that on arrival, because it doesn't respect quantum mechanics. So you know.
cfns-c120-presenter: what are you doing?
cfns-c120-presenter: But there is a justification, and the justification is that the binding of the nucleon involves long time processes
cfns-c120-presenter: that don't interfere with the short distance scattering, and we will talk about this, how this works, and choosing as we go along.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now I find myself on slide 14 of about 35 slides
cfns-c120-presenter: but you know we can.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I probably should stop very soon.
cfns-c120-presenter: 10 min.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, okay, all right. So anyway. So here, from from this point of view, you can say, Okay, well, what is this elastic scattering? And this just gives the formula for those that are
cfns-c120-presenter: defines S, which is the usual in the mandel sign variable for the hydronic system. Well, the Hadronic system with the electron remember, this is electron
cfns-c120-presenter: part time scattered. So it says, Okay, I started with, see people as K. Take the square of that. I'll call that S. There's a you and a T. The T is a minus Q squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: And when you calculate this, you find that at this lowest order
cfns-c120-presenter: our cross section, the elastic scattering prosection has a direct delta function which fixes this C to equal X.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, in higher orders, we'll see that indeed, this is not the case that we will get a true integral over.
cfns-c120-presenter: So to analyze deep and elastic category in general terms. will, introduce a more general notation, not just talking about the cross-section, but rather of the so-called structure
cfns-c120-presenter: which I had hoped. Well, we'll just do it the next time
cfns-c120-presenter: I think it's I. I yeah, this is. This is the the typical Lorentz and variant form which doesn't mean I shouldn't have find it. It's just the energy.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in other words, it's the absolute. But if you're collecting the mass of the electron, which is an excellent approximation, it's the absolute value with 3 moment
cfns-c120-presenter: natural universe.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. So here's the conventional picture for these distributions. and
cfns-c120-presenter: I I I can't help but say, it's sort of interesting. I mean again, this quantum mechanical, mean coherence of the it as the kind of buzz word for factorization.
cfns-c120-presenter: There are no interactions between the outgoing scattered fork and the rest. So whatever else you would have thought, oh, well, these guys
cfns-c120-presenter: they notice
cfns-c120-presenter: right now, this, this proton
cfns-c120-presenter: has been together since nucleos sentences
cfns-c120-presenter: in the early universe. It's bounced around. It's spit out of supernova, you know. Eventually it makes its way to earth.
cfns-c120-presenter: These same 3 quirks, now calling them the same as like anthropomorphizing. But I've always found anthropomorphizing is a good idea.
cfns-c120-presenter: When it comes to forks.
cfns-c120-presenter: They've been together all this time, and suddenly they hit the electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: You you come back right. So don't they throw out blue ones and all that kind of stuff. Well, that's
cfns-c120-presenter: yes, they do. Okay. But those interactions between the outgoing scattered court and the rest don't contribute to the inclusive cross section. And we're going to argue as to how we can think about that intuitively on protective terms.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, basically, intuitively, the idea is, the scattering takes time, and it takes a like a time which goes like one over Q.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the interactions that form Hadrons are much lower than that, if choose much, much larger than what we call them the Qcd. And so
cfns-c120-presenter: everything that have once the scattering takes place.
cfns-c120-presenter: we'll think about it, saying, You know, actually, if we some inclusively.
cfns-c120-presenter: what actually happens is we fixed the scattering to take place very well defined, one over 2 region in the amplitude.
cfns-c120-presenter: Autumn mechanically speak. and in the complex contribute out.
cfns-c120-presenter: and once we determined that an interaction has taken place which we can do by looking at the at the Lepton, the scattered electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then everything else that happens. After that, those interactions
cfns-c120-presenter: has to sum up to to the probability of one we're saying, we're accepting anything.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's the magic of this word inclusive. If we say that okay, at time 0 in the amplitude and the complex conjugate amplitude, there was a hard scattering.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then everything that happens after that doesn't matter for the inclusive process. It's there. It's very complicated. If you start looking at the details, you may find ways of calculating certain parts of it, but if you don't look at any of the details, it's just a set of probabilities that sums up to one doesn't matter what theory.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's what enables us
cfns-c120-presenter: to factorize
cfns-c120-presenter: this part time distribution from the elastic scatter.
cfns-c120-presenter: So no one thing is that cross-section is like an area. So for one part time you have an area for momentum transfer queue of like one over q squared
cfns-c120-presenter: and the area covered by single partons, and one of our Q squared is like
cfns-c120-presenter: the part time distributions divided by Q squared, because this is kind of like the number of part time at this X. But for this picture to work we should have that this part time distribution divided by Q squared the characteristic area that the electron sees when it bounces off, something should be much less than the radius of the proton. Or here it could have been
cfns-c120-presenter: so if your part-time distributions get really big.
cfns-c120-presenter: then you may find that a single part on covers the whole size of the of of the nuclear
cfns-c120-presenter: or intermediate. They begin to to interfere with each other one part time in front of the other. So you don't really know what you're looking at. And this is this concept is called saturation, which will be a subject that will come up a number of times, of course, of great interest to the Eic community.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. What makes you CD different. Well, here is, okay, really, I understand. Here, this.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's actually an okay. Sorry. It's a stock, I think.
cfns-c120-presenter: we've got to do the part time model at least portions of it. And we'll just continue to develop these ideas as as we go along. People can ask for a little bit more in the in the discussion section a later time. So thanks very much for
yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: So we have an email is now 25 min for questions and also for coffee, and that's a good time for you.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this is exactly one
cfns-c120-presenter: for you to get your your meal cards. In the meantime we have a lot of discussion, but
cfns-c120-presenter: just one more. I just want to follow up on the just to get more insight on. Now.
cfns-c120-presenter: this electron bouncing of for example, like working. And for yeah, you short similar properties between port and and the neutron.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then, late as the top proceeded, mentioned the fact that an electron needs to have more energy
cfns-c120-presenter: from here to the property.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if we take the energy of the electron, much, much, much greater than the energy of the proton could as well, maybe, and replace the proton with a neutron.
cfns-c120-presenter: so that we we just won't see the neutral like the target. And then it's just
cfns-c120-presenter: an electron at various speed and let it, you know interact with.
cfns-c120-presenter: And you turn. And then you see that that way. Oh, that's certainly one of the things that people. Now.
cfns-c120-presenter: usually, you don't just have protons. That would be a hydrogen target
cfns-c120-presenter: or H one target.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in fact, it happens whenever you have a target which consists of some heavier nucleus. It could be as light as deuterium, which is a proton and a neutron, or it could be something heavy, like lid which has more neutrons and protons, and it's by comparing those you so you can see that there's going to be a difference, partly because, oh, primarily, because there are different different valence
cfns-c120-presenter: cartons, and make up the proton and the neutron. So they're different charges. And since they're different charges you expect then, even as as the electron really
cfns-c120-presenter: probes inside our our proton or our neutron, we should see different total cross sections. And just how those differ.
cfns-c120-presenter: the way in which they depend upon the momentum transfer has been a subject of great interest, and will be, indeed, as in fact, one of the topics that I refer to as what happens when you scatter electrons inside inside side, deep inside a nucleus.
cfns-c120-presenter: What happens to the guys as they go out the scattered ones. And what kind of radiation do you get? What sort of extra interactions occur?
cfns-c120-presenter: And in the final state?
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's it's definitely of of crime interest to understand the difference between protons and neutrons that way. You you can also learn about protons and neutrons.
cfns-c120-presenter: And indeed, about nuclei. So
cfns-c120-presenter: it's it's it's it's an itatively a derivative concept. I'm sorry, in fact, that I mentioned it to be a perturbative concept, or can you prove it on?
cfns-c120-presenter: Can you prove it? Non perturbative? well.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's that's a deep question. One can prove this using perturbative methods to all orders in perturbation. What? And one can do so in a way that.
cfns-c120-presenter: and strongly, that it should be truly, truly not perturbative. But the methods perturbative methods obviously have to have to always leave a little bit of of room
cfns-c120-presenter: for the full theory until one has complete understanding of theory. So I don't want to make this the claims too strong.
cfns-c120-presenter: The claims of factorization are based on.
cfns-c120-presenter: based on all orders, perturbation theory. Let's let's put it that way. And to the extent that all orders perturbation theory would lead to bound states.
cfns-c120-presenter: then it's
cfns-c120-presenter: you also have non perturbative aspects. But to say, we have a full understanding. All the non perturbative aspects of Qcd. I think that would be going too strong too far.
cfns-c120-presenter: We'll talk a little bit more about that if I ever get off the ground.
cfns-c120-presenter: Good! That's thank you, Josh, once again.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: there's never enough copies. So coffee is there? And so Corey is also there. So I brought some of the
cfns-c120-presenter: excellent. Oh, well, I
cfns-c120-presenter: did. You manage to figure out if they you you have. You have Internet.
cfns-c120-presenter: and he also sent me his login.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's still me quantized with perhaps the magnetic models. 10 different. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, this is a very interesting question. I mean, it's two-thirds good enough to say no magnetic.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I'm sure people have thought about that. But I thieves,
cfns-c120-presenter: but imagine there was some overarching theory, which wouldn't have
cfns-c120-presenter: yes, you might have a high undergrad advisor. Justin Stevens.
cfns-c120-presenter: They're really not for you.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's it's it's it's it's it's
cfns-c120-presenter: the very back room they they all have to just, you know, just to probably just move a little bit. So I have stay there. But I think it's
cfns-c120-presenter: but I have a feeling that the audience is such that but I have a feeling that the audience is such that
cfns-c120-presenter: they they're asking questions. We don't. I mean, I had to spin on on Slide 21.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's what it's like to have another lecture.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's very dangerous. It's very dangerous. Some of the things, some I I just gauge by myself. I'm I'm very interested.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's right
cfns-c120-presenter: a little bit about
cfns-c120-presenter: that. I think the context is a little bit because it's much more. I see that I think the context is a little bit because it's much more.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think so. Try how long is this thing? It's just good. Wednesday. After doing this, then you're going to front. So next week I was going to
cfns-c120-presenter: we all of our lectures.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you're applying now for?
cfns-c120-presenter: And where would you like to go? It's not all the structure at the I think that's It's it's an offer for our schools. We we usually zoom just to jump from one that's true. And that's the source of asking people to talk about it. I'm sure. Yeah, it really means either.
cfns-c120-presenter: I have no problem. I'm all crazy, you know, right? Right?
cfns-c120-presenter: The situation that we can. make sure that the wheels and clients never appear. We're just going to talk in the yeah. So probably like sounds me an answer, so that go, and then we'll have lunch, and here's will be the first time for lunch. I think we will direct to for lunch I think we will direct to, and there were places open with Simon Center.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll I'll I'll I'll joining work for my what happens that I should know.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to sneak out right up. My, so it's it's confused. You're right now. Okay, okay, okay. It sounds good. But I can't.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's a very.
cfns-c120-presenter: But that's why we have help now. The trick is, you know, if I make it back, and you'll see the amount of I don't. There's 2 tricks, so I'll make half number break right? And then the never stand. Rose Keys is going to talk with him right before lunch. Yeah, so that people
cfns-c120-presenter: and then, now here lies.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's something that people miss their flights. I need to make a decision in the own to talk about it. If you come back we'll we'll be in Silence. Center. You can probably use that correct. If not, comes back to home meetings, only we'll start at one, so he'll we'll have 4 lectures
cfns-c120-presenter: exactly sound 30. So it's still the science. I have plans for it. It's not from that's cool. Yeah, devastating.
I don't just
cfns-c120-presenter: train station. But what would I need to do?
cfns-c120-presenter: We? We we ran over. So we're not going to start, you know. We want to give them plenty of time. Yeah, I don't want to make sure they're
cfns-c120-presenter: it's
cfns-c120-presenter: just earlier, this.
cfns-c120-presenter: no, I'm not sure.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, yes, you
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, bye, bye.
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: I said that you are originally from.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like 2 different machines. So
cfns-c120-presenter: instead of trying to go maximum.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, so cuz he's
cfns-c120-presenter: whatever it requires. The ordered in the zoom.
cfns-c120-presenter: 110. So I think
cfns-c120-presenter: I think most of
cfns-c120-presenter: it's got it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe that one's
cfns-c120-presenter: from that
cfns-c120-presenter: and
cfns-c120-presenter: you should get to it.
cfns-c120-presenter: I see we go back to the same
cfns-c120-presenter: eventually, because
cfns-c120-presenter: I think I need a
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, and this. So it's okay, just to walk around as it okay for people to zoom.
cfns-c120-presenter: You don't know how to sensitive.
cfns-c120-presenter: not I don't know what the zoom is as I just.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now
cfns-c120-presenter: what I mean by that is the fewer stems you
cfns-c120-presenter: and it in a very
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, I think I think there's something to say. That's my point. There were. So yeah, I I don't understand.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like 19. Bye.
Okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: Thanks.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: no. Cool.
cfns-c120-presenter: The first introduced the concept of electron protein scattering. And so then he had a very nice picture of the electron. You're flying the speed of light and suddenly heating the proton, and his view was the
cfns-c120-presenter: critical. You and then you'll feel like he will to develop the concepts from the critical perspective of those interactions.
cfns-c120-presenter: But of course, as he mentioned, we use
cfns-c120-presenter: current technologies, and we use experimental observations. So the question now is, what is the experimental perspective on? So the extra line provider and the experimental perspective of the Icps is going to be
cfns-c120-presenter: and even to us by, I'm 60 to month profile where it's okay. 4 is yours. Thank you all.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's it's a real pleasure. in. It's 1035, right? So I mean. probably passed my first top of coffee just as of 5 s ago. So hopefully, this this will go. Let me just ask
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, this is clearly titled experimentalists. perspective, right?
cfns-c120-presenter: And okay, so
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm classified as an experimentalist. currently.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's a great problem. But let me just ask you, are there in this room, roughly, by show of hands? Who of you
cfns-c120-presenter: would classify themselves as a theorist or a theorist in making
cfns-c120-presenter: and then turning it around.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now, so, okay, And now, experimentalists in making. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, this is great to see at the end of the day. I mean, it's it's at least not like 99 versus one. Right? I mean that that would be one of those difficult moments at that point.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's nicely mixed. I mean that that should make also for absolutely great interactions.
during this call I will also say that's
cfns-c120-presenter: Though I appreciate these sort of distinctions. They are really about specialization. At the end of the day we're all scientists. I believe
cfns-c120-presenter: that that is the first and foremost thing. So first thanks to the organizers, Fred, Alex. Say others, we're organizing now, I think the fifth of, or the fourth of this school.
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you all I mean, look if I think back. My own eg. Education.
cfns-c120-presenter: These goals are just fantastic to be. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: pressure them advocate and propagate with your advisor if you need to do so.
cfns-c120-presenter: and enjoy. Okay. And there's also a lot of future network most likely to be built up in the inventions like this. So this is race environment.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, it's also true. That's Oh, if you look at the program, and the first speaker is for well, no pressure. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: lectures like these day they take really a village to come together, so I am certainly very grateful for the the lectures, I I suppose, at the end of the past, when I was a student myself.
cfns-c120-presenter: I also of gratitude to numerous colleagues with whom I've worked over the past decades on the IC. And without sets. I mean, I think you know who you are At the same time. Any adults are, of course, my own.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now, in terms of reading
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe that's an experimental, this thing. for me, at least it. It's always So if you read something or you listen to a lecture first, and then you think, like, yeah, yeah, okay, that kind of makes sense, maybe.
cfns-c120-presenter: then you start to calculate something, and at times it works. Sometimes it doesn't. At that point, you know, like, I probably should go back
cfns-c120-presenter: because I'm missing something. And of course you need to read. okay? And well, any introductory elementary particle physics book has chapter on the Eis. So that's a good entry point for Eic, I would say. But it's not a complete entry point, of course.
cfns-c120-presenter: it would also be out of limiting. If we don't acknowledge the enormous role that era has played.
cfns-c120-presenter: what's an E, I see it. It's it's really hard to overstate that role.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I actually grind up from old schools. Luckily we don't do that for Cfs goals, I mean,
cfns-c120-presenter: but a very good one, at least, in my opinion is, is this this this particular one by going to wall? If it's easily accessible, it's all inspired.
cfns-c120-presenter: even though it's it's only listed as an intel about here.
cfns-c120-presenter: then, of course, there's a communities. My, I'm sure that's Most of you are here have seen or heard about it at some point it's worthwhile to open. It's not too thick. There is a yellow report at this point, which is like.
cfns-c120-presenter: so think twice. 3, that more, as in the encyclopedia of that hasn't stood the test of time yet. But it's certainly okay. So now the goals for these lectures, there are 2 of them. right? So one is today. and what is tomorrow today, I think you are in good shape.
cfns-c120-presenter: Become better come out of it with a couple of
cfns-c120-presenter: so result of these lectures. Better understanding, let's say, the the context
cfns-c120-presenter: of an Eic compared to, let's say, other alternatives that that may have happened in the past, such as here or that are part of our possible future, and also, maybe, where some of the
cfns-c120-presenter: overlap to be riding lines leave it to be nuclear physics and high energy physics, emphasis.
cfns-c120-presenter: So discovery? I would say, as as first and foremost versus understanding how it does work for.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if you come out of that, so this call this a bit better understanding of a context
cfns-c120-presenter: and capabilities that are afforded by the eic that's that's good. second goal. And that's more for tomorrow. It's actually in this this figure. I don't know.
cfns-c120-presenter: You've seen this type of video.
cfns-c120-presenter: only for those, I think with the photographic memory.
cfns-c120-presenter: you need to look at it in a flash
cfns-c120-presenter: In practice. There is quite a bit in this figure
cfns-c120-presenter: that's is. just you look at it. You think, like, yeah, okay, maybe that makes sense. you look at it again, and you go like that, there's a layer of it.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if we come out of this with a better. for example, that could be yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: even as simple as understanding why this particular region of is focused on all X physics.
cfns-c120-presenter: But as that region is more about large X physics, that's already again
cfns-c120-presenter: depending where you're coming from, and there's more to it, of course.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now. let me also just strip a lot of the words from the the opening slides and focus on this this graphic still find it amazing.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's at this point. Actually, if you just step through our textbooks, right? I mean, we have atomic physics which over there you have nuclear physics
cfns-c120-presenter: can be separated in terms of its distance and energy scales. And then somehow, as we get closer zoom. In closer and closer. You have this object called the proton, that is, yet again an order of magnitude removed from the nucleus, which is apparently a densely packed object.
cfns-c120-presenter: It seems to have effective degrees of freedom like about. And then we can ask further questions like, Well, hey, what is the internal structure of that. And maybe, as we get down to works, you could even ask if you're I.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's a subsection of the work is, is the developmental works Well, in terms of E, I I would say, that's that's all this or less in this this regime. Yes, the high energy physics, opportunities. If you think about those as discovery, you, for example, substructure of lones that might have them or parks that's probably beyond each. Yeah, you never know.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, as to the, there's some graphics which I'm adding, here, what you see is actually you set up on the other phone experiment, and you see, an I go. I see
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not the other set up to show for it, but it will call I would say that the development of this, even though we find it in textbooks. And it's typically
cfns-c120-presenter: Let's say you've already worked out. And it seems to be a very linear path. It's actually a history of new insight, as it's called the capability in many cases.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's not all beyond the estimate, right? This goes very much at the interplay between experiment and theory, and in our fields, including accelerate or including not as Qcd
cfns-c120-presenter: phenomenology. It's truly a collaborative
cfns-c120-presenter: and with mutual. So we could ask a question about this problem, neutral or nucleus.
cfns-c120-presenter: And of course, if you ask your more energy friends, they will show you something like this. It's probably also where my physicists may start. But isn't it amazing that indeed we have some form of ordering in there, or something equally amazing that all that seems to be determined by
cfns-c120-presenter: pretty simple properties, namely, problem, neutral spin, and their masses the end of the day.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, if you ask your high energy physics, friends, you probably get this answer And so you would hear like, Oh, well, problem, yeah. 2 walk parks in the dark park.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay?
Oh, good
cfns-c120-presenter: In the end. It's it's probably a question that depends on local scale, and which you problem is so
cfns-c120-presenter: so where we can agree, I think, is that a problem is a strongly bomb object, has a size of point, a inf me.
cfns-c120-presenter: and ask question, how do we know that.
cfns-c120-presenter: Also, I, you actually mean that those are very good questions. We also know that it has a muscle about a Gv, if we take 6%
cfns-c120-presenter: and then the spin on half of checks, for let me know.
cfns-c120-presenter: none of that is a standard model. But I'm not in any way a phone in the Also, you know at this point that theoretically we are quite far.
cfns-c120-presenter: So Qcd has really advanced by leaks and bonds costs. Oh, 1450 years.
cfns-c120-presenter: At the same time. look.
cfns-c120-presenter: Qed is often linked to the transitional right. I think we are not yet at the stage where you see, he has direct applications, lots of science impacts, not saying that his goal.
cfns-c120-presenter: But you could ask the question, what about Qcd engineering? And then I think we all acknowledged that we're far from at this point.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, E, I see that's about a combination of strength and the combination of these things actually results in a new capability
cfns-c120-presenter: that we are afforded here.
cfns-c120-presenter: so let's just start way way back. I'll try to be brief this this history, but I think it is important to outline where the new capabilities came about.
cfns-c120-presenter: So back in the United States, I mean, beams basically came about from decay
cfns-c120-presenter: for
cfns-c120-presenter: reasons of curiosity. certainly not thinking about. let's say, shell model
cfns-c120-presenter: and our processes into some.
cfns-c120-presenter: almost, for sure. I've never asked the the office, of course, because that's even before my time set aside whether they will be able to
cfns-c120-presenter: But so an experiment came about scattering these These teams
offer sources, as we know, on the standard of all of the and surprise surprise and backwards scattering angles. There is actually a cross section that is
cfns-c120-presenter: tiny but not so non 0. And the inside of that is indeed the 10 to the fourteenth for a typical
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, it's the science, or it like objects as opposed to, let's say, your sheets.
cfns-c120-presenter: which would be our daily.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's it's not the place to the point 9 particle. Again, I mean the advance and capability is the beam
cfns-c120-presenter: course. It's a cleverness of experiments come up with it.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the surprise, actually, since it measured in small quantities. That's a thing that comes back quite often. Okay, right? Often in physics I find that people go like, Oh, we should go for the biggest and the best, but actually this engine would have been pretty boring. I don't what you do. It's it's a need about this phones here.
cfns-c120-presenter: but the non-zero comes back to you. Now go back. We go to
cfns-c120-presenter: about 50 years or so.
cfns-c120-presenter: and actual particle beings have come about is the top energy of about 200 mev.
cfns-c120-presenter: and so
cfns-c120-presenter: accelerated the electrons. What that allows you to do in the end is, of course, instead of having these offer sources you can prove a proton, and if you have a higher energy
cfns-c120-presenter: and 2 and 50 cents, that you probably find our structure. So, indeed, for the scene, and well, in each you find
cfns-c120-presenter: that's this has a sharply, fully slow
cfns-c120-presenter: And again I would say that the surprises or the insights come about actually where the cross section is remarkably small.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. So if you would go by the statement, oh, I need to measure the biggest, and I don't care about the 1% effects in the end, you actually miss out what we do in science.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, the new insights here.
cfns-c120-presenter: I would argue our first and foremost, the the problem itself has a science about point 7. For me, at least. the discovery electron. So there's an exchange proton
cfns-c120-presenter: meaning it's solving a charge ready use like quality.
cfns-c120-presenter: and in addition to that, it actually does not follow the infinitely heavy curve mode curve. It doesn't follow the drop curve which you would expect for a spin on. How object without the internal structure?
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, we know that there is on all this moments for a long time. Only for the 1960 s. It actually doesn't follow that curve instead, it's it's somewhere in between. There's apparently intriguing internal structure going on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So you lost the collection of scheduling right? I mean, you've heard about this now, this morning. How would that work? So as an experimentalist, what do you? Do we go and ask your theory, friends?
cfns-c120-presenter: You showed in this diagram, and though you throw up your hands, you say I'm before my first call for how this is work
cfns-c120-presenter: and beyond, let's say, having a sense, that's that's probably basically in the interchange for the interaction between 2 charged objects that at least one of them is moving
cfns-c120-presenter: so intuitively. You would sense like, Hey, there's an electric structure to it and a magnetic structure to it. Oh, your theory. Friends will then say, Oh, okay. I mean Qvd, we know
cfns-c120-presenter: And the cross-section is described by contraction of 2 tensors, and this is the laptone time for at least as long as that is on polarized.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I'll go figure it out. Lead a little bit more by symmetries you can. I did come up with what would be the most general form of this, this nucle on tensor and variable it better.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the way that is done is with each. 5 factors scale right? I mean, if you don't know what to come up with, what do you do? You smo with
cfns-c120-presenter: a symbol and subscript, because well. and
cfns-c120-presenter: we call the finger one phone pointing finger or other. But we are created punch. So we do, okay, so well. hey, K, 3 is missing here. Yeah, that's that's correct. I mean, you would probably link it to a difference here. And then if you look at this thing because it's metric actually doesn't matter. So you don't need center. K. 3
cfns-c120-presenter: Furthermore, if you go a little bit further, I fancy words for that, or you could complex this tense or simply, you set this to 0. You find out that there's a relation between well, a. 4 k. One and K, 2 and K, 5 and a one and K, 2 as well. Okay, to specifically. So, there's 2,
cfns-c120-presenter: hey? It's not matter, indeed, an electric and a magnetic form fact
cfns-c120-presenter: if you wish. So that is what you then see reflected in the cross section, and it turns out as an experimentalist, you're able to separate that by the measuring and resolving that angle
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: now in elastic scattering. Of course that is much more difficult, right? Because both kinematically it's it's
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe quite different. Here you have many more particles coming out. So what do you do? Well, first thing you do, of course, is ignored is is outgoing state that's called inclusive.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know. Yes,
cfns-c120-presenter: again. Here you have this contraction of $10 and no since.
cfns-c120-presenter: you need a different symbol the symbol now is W. but the moth actually is rather, very similar. In the end. You again end up with to start your functions. It is still an interaction with 2 charged objects, some sort.
cfns-c120-presenter: So, indeed.
cfns-c120-presenter: an electric like structure function. and the magnetic like structure function.
cfns-c120-presenter: We also have a variance in this part, multiple of them, 2 of them that are well known as queue scraps. I think of that as the wavelength of this cell phone square the other one being X, your connects, that is often called the fractional stock part of.
cfns-c120-presenter: as this problem is broken up. that's a
cfns-c120-presenter: only interpretation the the.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now this is all nice. So much for the symmetries, the the physics, if you reassure the new insights, really sits in the structure functions so these things that we have already called K's and W's.
cfns-c120-presenter: And okay, if you thought that this was all simple, then go and calculate, have I look your heart up so.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, I think the the key insights in in our description, and it's just stunningly useful and powerful.
cfns-c120-presenter: The all stuff recruits.
cfns-c120-presenter: indeed! just so think of this as some of of elastic. So okay, let's Let's work this through a little bit. Right? I mean, I think we've seen most of this. So by now in multiple lectures, Indians. if we think of this in vacuum as collection of parks, and we have a need, this elastic scattering of individual parts.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hey! We have the math that is similar to our 6 country.
cfns-c120-presenter: But if these quirks don't have an internal structure. Maybe it has some similarities with the electromagnetic.
cfns-c120-presenter: You've seen that math in textbooks, right? I mean, we don't need to redo it. We can look it up it? Yes, at that, at some point. And that's the experimentalist perspective, of course. So working that through you get powerful things out of your structure functions. You have this, these electric OS,
cfns-c120-presenter: I I clearly should not stand. There's interference there. Okay, that's that's important. Experimentally, actually,
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, your structure functions. And one and F 2, right? I mean the important insight that you get out of all of the model like this actually is that the structure functions do not depend on you. Scratch which we thought about. This is safe length. In other words, you probably your points, but once you've brought the points.
cfns-c120-presenter: there's no wavelength dependence to it anymore. It doesn't have a science.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, this is something you can experimentally test the absence of a use class dependence
cfns-c120-presenter: in addition to that. if you are in needs elastically scattering of a spin on half point like particle
cfns-c120-presenter: as a G factor of 2, it actually couples this electric and magnetic. In fact, if you want to think about it, that means that for these these structure functions you get relations between that one
cfns-c120-presenter: and F 2
cfns-c120-presenter: again testable. That, of course, has been dumb. The breakthrough there again comes a decade or 2 later, and we're not longer dealing as a society. The 2 of what I mean, but rather with teams that have reached an energy that is 10 times the problem, energy itself.
cfns-c120-presenter: And indeed you destroy it. Expectation from elastic scattering is is a rapidly falling cross section. And again, it is, of course, this part that dominates the total number of observations. If you're not careful.
cfns-c120-presenter: But as you extend out in this case in this Q squared value, you see that actually, you get an excess of this minimal expectation that is given by in. Okay. So it's again, people that just
cfns-c120-presenter: the courage to look in places where you have all expectations to do that as an experimental issue. They get surprised. Now, this week, I think everyone has seen in the end right? I mean, this is this.
cfns-c120-presenter: me standing behind this thing again, so that interferes. Let me stand in form of it, and I'll get out of here. Wait a second. This we've all seen for 2. It is
cfns-c120-presenter: independence of the cross section and structure function with X, but we may maybe not so often see, is the regulation between these 2 structure functions. So this linking of the electric and magnetic
cfns-c120-presenter: structure over a G factor of people, too, should precisely this at a, which is precisely about the difference between spinball and how it's been 0 products. So this tells us that Marx has been off.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you want to go that far. of course. No.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now again, I'm looking a decade later.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think this is a part of the opening lecture, of course, and the renewed interest in spin physics
cfns-c120-presenter: not to be underestimate of what was needed for it, you know. Convinced of this. think about it. What does it take to
cfns-c120-presenter: any electron
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe a good discussion topic for the evening, and then do the same thing. What does it take to polarize the problem? Of course you can say no. and it's it's not so hard. Right? I mean, you call the thing down to a couple of
cfns-c120-presenter: they. How do you do that with attention? I'm sorry what to go about it good question
cfns-c120-presenter: experimentally.
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe sources are actually quite difficult. And it's not about just storing electrons in the magnetic field and cooling this entire thing down. You want to get these electoral ts in both form what the other. And I'll think about models right? I mean, if you do the same thing in the cryogenic targets, temperatures. You can reach fractions of the Kelvin nowadays. It's great with the of power
cfns-c120-presenter: just calculated. Our Boltzmann statistics. What kind of polarizations you will get, and then ask yourself that you can do experiments with that
cfns-c120-presenter: or better, this is actually an intricate, that's all my physics
cfns-c120-presenter: forwards. Yes, it is a very. It's all my physics experiment.
cfns-c120-presenter: So okay, the renewed interest. This is, of course, always the figure you get to see right? I mean, you integrate all this normal travel I call your X,
cfns-c120-presenter: but you get is is an integral. Hopefully, right? I mean, you're always missing a fraction. the phase space, as always, next separation, and if you do, it's far below expectations of the time.
cfns-c120-presenter: Again, what you see here actually, is that experimental capabilities to a large extent they need about developing this polarization.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it is also
cfns-c120-presenter: about probing. He owns the smallest 10% of your X range.
cfns-c120-presenter: Small X, most.
cfns-c120-presenter: a 90% of the problem often means that you've missed out on temptation. That gives you the surprises.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? for those of you who would be restaurant
cfns-c120-presenter: I've lived at some for a minute, and for years I walk by this thing, not internalizing at all what it is or what's Bubble Chamber?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, and it's an amazing
cfns-c120-presenter: piece, again, of capabilities that were added in different types of teams in this case, between our meetings. What have we learned from it?
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, actually, we've learned from it. That's neutrino scattering and left on scattering of a proto or a neutron is quite similar. We further more learn from it is that there is a scaling factor between them. It looks pretty.
cfns-c120-presenter: See, is the the large, your mental uncertainties, which are associated with the smaller uncertainties that are associated. That will be. It's easier for all sections or larger. All of that. Our mobile question, good one. You have never seen this credible event type thing. It's good discussion topic for evening. But what you see is that if you scale these such a functions that occur there.
cfns-c120-presenter: you actually get the same also over a very large range in X. So what that tells us in the end
cfns-c120-presenter: is that the part charges are all integer, something we've never seen in nature. directly, you know.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So two-thirds, I'm B. That's how that comes about.
cfns-c120-presenter: No more. You could play the same trick as what we have done this spin before you could integrate over this value of X, and what you end up with it starts
cfns-c120-presenter: you have only half of the the
cfns-c120-presenter: that is the other half that's then sits with the missing piece, the global stuff these problems together. See here, this company display. All right. So it is
cfns-c120-presenter: scattering in the. And it's a higher order process. It's a lot of thing. There's a great value in precision. Of course, if you compare the final diagram. This one was above. Over there.
cfns-c120-presenter: you see, immediately, is like, Hey, there's an additional coupling concept in that. So it's it's a suppressed process. It must have a smaller cross section, or maybe so that that doesn't make it not worthwhile to look at on the country.
cfns-c120-presenter: By looking at it. You have the discovery of the goal in this place. And indeed they carry about half a nuclear woman. So what picture do we now have of this? So this problem. Well, it's something like this, right? I mean, so initially, it's thinking of your energy physics, friends.
cfns-c120-presenter: because then there is a to. I mean, of course, all these parks just share third or so. you have a way that works
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe they have smearing right? Because some fully static problem. And then. We also now know that no one's exist. Higher order processes are interesting, so there's probably some sort of radiation moment. I can only get smaller. So you have some sort of radiative sale.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that only came to permission as a first.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this is part of them, let's say, of getting these contacts. They're not context.
cfns-c120-presenter: So what was here on? And what is the new capability there? New capability comes out from providers. So it's no longer a fixed started experiments. Items.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, may I be on TV? Probably
cfns-c120-presenter: over here
cfns-c120-presenter: provided with, let's say, 25 to 30 Gv. Electrons in 2,
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, 10 year like campaigns of probably business, intermediate upgrade. That seems also sort of the lifetime of the typical facility. Think about Mick, for example, for those of you who are involved in that.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, look that's all great. How does the new capability in this case come about it? Not a sweetness. So let's have a look at. So at least the kinematics right? I mean, we can all do that even before our second call.
cfns-c120-presenter: I hope.
cfns-c120-presenter: so by convention also, E. I see all of the I see physics still follow the head of convention when you write down these sort of kinematics. So what do you have, for you have a platform in this. It's for momentum over there.
cfns-c120-presenter: Of course you have the the scattering right which you might be able to observe. and you might even get your point of that if you don't interfere with your
cfns-c120-presenter: big interference here. the proton
cfns-c120-presenter: that traditionally has done picked us the positive Z access. You have a couple of invariants. The portal bomb is the square of the total. I'm just going to go here and have that thing over there. all the invariance I need about.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright. So I of them here.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh. okay. There's also a range from these are more and more
cfns-c120-presenter: as experimentalists. Right? So these these are good finger formulas to just as you engage in eic
cfns-c120-presenter: But let's take that. That a small step further, and just do a couple of calculations with it. Right? I mean, So let me just ask what was the maximum of mass energy achieved at here? I given a 9 on the 20 g.
cfns-c120-presenter: At 27 and a half.
cfns-c120-presenter: Does anyone know, does anyone calculate
cfns-c120-presenter: quickly?
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. what 920. G, so it's a TV, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then in the case of the electron beam, it's it's 27 and a half.
cfns-c120-presenter: right? So that's sort of 10% more than 25. So if if I I'm the naive experimentalist again, right? I mean, this was about an experimental perspective.
cfns-c120-presenter: I am to do this in form of
cfns-c120-presenter: 30 smarter people. Then, okay, let's have a look at this. scratch your head again. How these 4 fractions works. There was a minus sign in that. Right? So what do you get? Well, you get something like an E plus p, and you get an E minus p, and this, you need to square this stuff and take a difference. So okay, those are the same terms. Right? I mean, it's just a minus B squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, there's a they all these that well, that's something like a scrap plus B squared minus 2 a, B, so you get that twice. So it's probably 4 times ee times E.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's as okay. Now, the numbers here were not so bad. which I mean by our day.
cfns-c120-presenter: You on the bottom. The numbers here were 10% less than a TV.
cfns-c120-presenter: So let's talk with the TV and 10% more than 25 G, I can multiply it out 4 times 25 is a homework. It's time. So it's all the TV.
cfns-c120-presenter: We take the the square root of dots of the square root of flats. Oh, okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: Fact of them, any experimental additional mode. And that's how you mis estimate any project you take on
cfns-c120-presenter: right? and what are those those are kind of like like by squared right? I mean, whenever you make an estimate, it's it's owned by by square by time. T. E. Squared, if you're really good, but that's more or less what it is. This is kind of by square. So in need to send the most energy is about 3 months 14 or so
cfns-c120-presenter: gv.
cfns-c120-presenter: so we can do that. rights. Now for 10 to the fifth center of mass energy. What is the minimum bureaucratic? How does that come about.
cfns-c120-presenter: So, okay,
cfns-c120-presenter: how does it work for a Q squared one gev.
cfns-c120-presenter: 10 to the fifth in his.
cfns-c120-presenter: And why? Which is an invariant, but it's bound between 0 and one. The minimum is clearly one over 10 to the fifth. So 10 minus 5. Easy to calculate. Right?
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, maybe as a bonus. Anyone who is not convinced about the power of providers. Just calculate what's you think stargups be managing need to be.
cfns-c120-presenter: if you would need to build electron beams to prop same small values back. So that's an interesting exercise. Anyone with a piece of paper and just do that all the science
cfns-c120-presenter: You'd be surprised.
cfns-c120-presenter: I know, for the evening. I I really think it is actually important that I feel as if myself work through some of the kinematics here we'll serve you over and over and over again, and the only way to get into vision for it as an experimentalist at least, is to just calculate how much do it.
cfns-c120-presenter: So for next value of 10 minus 3, if you squared value of 10 g. E. Square. What is this kind of electron energy? And what is the scattering angle? So, in other words. where do I need to put my detector? And what does my detector need to be capable? That's what we're asking right
cfns-c120-presenter: now. If you want to go further. and you want to go graduate. The only inclusive scattering. Then calculate also what the angle is of the star quark or the current jets.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? And maybe calculate what it would be in a fixed target experiment. Right? I mean you in the end calculated already this electrical managing. So just do that and ask yourself, is there a difference in the event topology, and might you benefit from that as the experiment?
cfns-c120-presenter: It's good preparation for tomorrow's lecture. But now, in terms of the measurements, okay, this radiative tail
cfns-c120-presenter: so convincingly seen as as you see here, if you like, I mean, from very early get our data. So probing smaller and more of our use of actually actually see an enormous price of this cross section, India from both experiments. And the thing really is that one just looked. And let's say, the smallest
cfns-c120-presenter: 10% or so of the X-range. Right? I mean, of course, you probably don't. A logarithmic scale, because that's more favorable for your data. The second thing, you see that this actually has a different structure between 2 different 2 squared phones. Right? I think, twice larger over here. I think it is better than this guys larger over there.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the question is, can these 2 be related? And that, I think, is probably the thing that came to full fruition out of head on. And the answer is, yes, and it's actually intuitive. even for an experimentalist. It's intuitive. What happens. Your parks and 88.
cfns-c120-presenter: They can do that in various ways, but it's probably governed by probabilities in yet, if you have a gloom that in turn can split up in a quark, and that work there again, covered by probabilities.
cfns-c120-presenter: and it could split up in those themselves.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if you have those probabilities, you go back to your theory, friend, and you ask like, How do I do this convolution?
cfns-c120-presenter: And yes, Now, the first thing they will do is they will lecture you that this is one way of looking at the problem, but it's incomplete.
cfns-c120-presenter: Where is it incomplete now? Your goals don't recombine. You have many of them. If they can split, they can certainly merge. You've ignored that here. Okay,
cfns-c120-presenter: do. We actually have environments that are so low, then that this matters
cfns-c120-presenter: good experimental question likewise, I mean look spectators and such. They just go on.
cfns-c120-presenter: so how does this work in practice them? Well, your theory, friend, will tell you that the dependencies are logarithmic, that your convolution looks roughly something like this, and that part of it is calculable.
however, that the number of loans and the number of parks
cfns-c120-presenter: is something you would actually want to measure.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's harder to predict your love. This Qcd fan may say differently. By the way.
so you can do that. you can write it down. And how does how does it work in the yeah, this, of course, in terms of animation, doesn't work.
cfns-c120-presenter: So if we imagine a part of that, maybe here at some value. Q squared prime. then where did it originate from? If you want to think in terms of the evolution. Well, it actually
cfns-c120-presenter: originated from any other part in this area
cfns-c120-presenter: evolved. And so what it means in the end is that if you make a measurements of a particular X range
cfns-c120-presenter: at any value of Q's graph, you're in principle able
cfns-c120-presenter: to derive or to determine the distribution. Queue of X within that range at any value of Q squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: That is the power here. That is why, at least in experiments, you don't have a need.
cfns-c120-presenter: and you cannot in most cases totally make a slice that sits at a fixed queue scrap. It's one of the very powerful experimental matters that
cfns-c120-presenter: means that you can make multiple measurements and even multiple experiments.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I'll make sure that the uploaded version, the animation, actually is. So, okay, you see this at work over here. This is the legacy of head on in terms of the data. What you see is cross sections.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's been many orders of magnitude actually, in like you scrapped right in. Here's 10 to the fifth. Here's one. It's 5 orders of magnitude to fully understood you square dependence that it's stunningly well, with 1,400 or so data points that are here and do that all within, say handful
cfns-c120-presenter: for 5 parameters.
cfns-c120-presenter: You even see electro-week interference is the largest. You, you also see, is this traditional thing that the hire of all using backs.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's smaller
cfns-c120-presenter: values. of x. But as you see, the opposite the gain of particle number
cfns-c120-presenter: at small values. Facts.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, okay. And let me just look. So here is also one of those for 2. It is experimental things, right? I mean, we started out with this work and scaling.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's all happened that the experiments basically focused on this this region here that it turns out that this is all their flats.
cfns-c120-presenter: and of course, look measuring. Flatness is always about how widely your range. how large are your uncertainties. But that's how history goes. It's I mean, if you do the first experiment you can get away with.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll certainly still on, also paid your second retirement. That will be better
cfns-c120-presenter: in the end. It's significantly better. So. It is somewhat for 2 witnesses that those insights came about in this form in the other, and holds 2 days.
cfns-c120-presenter: makes you wonder how many cases we actually have most descriptions? Right? I mean, that's the thing
cfns-c120-presenter: of insight. It's always this very linear process, and in practice it is about trial and failure by again. Never give up.
cfns-c120-presenter: and half of the concepts go out of window in the end, both experimentally and the
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so what if you learn from these fast data sets? Well, that's basically in many people's minds, all that is to learn about the proton. And you see that over here. So we have a clear valence structure. The Dq works right? So this high energy starting points, but it's the scale monst. Mike starting points, and then we have a very
cfns-c120-presenter: in the Us. and how did it come about? Came about from the provider and the wide kinematic ranch.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, that's great, because it also has allowed us to make predictions for all sorts of other 6. You see it over here, and that now goes well beyond, next to the actually. And that's such, of course, where you can slow down your theory fence right? You need to calculate next to next to the meeting quarter. That's when they start to slow down. Fortunately. Yeah, I mean in that way, you don't need to be too concerned that it takes 10 years to build a new experiment. That's that's how you do it. Right? I mean, is about next to next to next year.
cfns-c120-presenter: just following it out there.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, this is stunningly successful with powerful Canadians that we have only 14 parameters. All the 40 normal data points. That's a good data reduction. Right? I mean, it's it's a little bit more than a hand.
cfns-c120-presenter: The 2 heads. Now, there's tools in advertising. There's complementarity between head off. And let's say the ongoing collided experiments like the Lc. To maybe a bit technical. Their experts here in the room to get an excellent evening discussion. You can ask the question, for example, what happens with jet measurements at the Lhc. Where we saw the linkage? Where do they have an impact?
cfns-c120-presenter: And where do they not? And which experiments are more important is that outlaws? It's a Tms. It's a combination of the 2. It's a consistency between 2 measurements. So that is what you see in the sort of Chi square curves that are shown here
cfns-c120-presenter: again, I think an excellent evening discussion topic, and if you're interested in reading more about it.
cfns-c120-presenter: I put you to this. So now you can also ask questions about flavor structure, or or that it's still largely all that. It comes strange parts, but it also means, if you want to make an impact in the E I,
cfns-c120-presenter: you must do particle identification. and there's no option out of that. you know, they don't really have that. Okay. Now, here, I'm wonderful. I don't mean, you know, the lots. But we actually only learned about the problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: So their voice. It's easy to create the size.
cfns-c120-presenter: different way of looking at it. This is where new experiments have their strengths. And this is indeed a large part of the IC program to see there the voice left by
cfns-c120-presenter: prior generation of experiments.
cfns-c120-presenter: So to recap this. So this, this actually may seem like a long introduction and long contacts.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think it's
cfns-c120-presenter: importance to understanding large parts of the new capabilities forwarded by any. so look, dis is good for you. I hope we've convinced each other on that. If you don't think so well, the coffee is over there.
cfns-c120-presenter: right. look, it is quite stunning that incoherent scattering
cfns-c120-presenter: combination with accumulable Qcd radiation has given us so much insight in multiple systems over fast energy ranges. I mean this, this is just a
cfns-c120-presenter: but I yes, we're still far away from Qcd. Engineering.
cfns-c120-presenter: So great predictive powers. Clones on a more are a very important part of the nuclear. If you problem in provisions.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So if you go back to this opening slide, it's item, this effective degree of freedom you need to your charge, nor the 2 up works in the down the mark.
cfns-c120-presenter: and
cfns-c120-presenter: everyone still somewhat awake or
cfns-c120-presenter: cool.
cfns-c120-presenter: although to show of hands at this point look. So we can ask, what is the problem with my nucleus? Right? I mean, at this point, I think.
cfns-c120-presenter: say, well, it's maybe a bit of a boring boring thing right? I mean, it seems to be a one dimensional thing that's on.
cfns-c120-presenter: and if you measure it at one scale, you know, in an all scale. So what what is that to it? There's no correlations to study.
cfns-c120-presenter: and really is is our problem. Just your pulp and beam of global in your Lhc experiment, is there more to it?
cfns-c120-presenter: So that is actually quite a bit more. It's. And again, this, this is the topic. I would say, for anyone currently involved in nuclear physics that I'm aware of that is, after studying economic structure.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that extends very high energy service points. So
cfns-c120-presenter: for scientifically, you want to push this to its boundaries. Right? I mean, just because it has worked within your scope. That means you should go beyond. So to give you some supplies going back to this matter of can split that they recombine where that occur. In the end, I think everyone will be convinced that eventually it has.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's an experimental question. Bread at these have you seen?
cfns-c120-presenter: So we've certainly seen various new scaling behaviors that are consistent with, but not uniquely defined by, this effect of recombination.
We've also seen quite astounding measurements from Rick.
cfns-c120-presenter: the forward region
cfns-c120-presenter: complicated to interpret. So in that sense not conclusive, but you certainly see a suppression
cfns-c120-presenter: in light systems at this point. You now also see in an 8 to the one-third dependence that you would into which
cfns-c120-presenter: for saturation effects if those are at play. So this has been measured. Now with 3 nuclei. that's that's enough. Right. I mean, some people want to do that with 2 nuclei.
cfns-c120-presenter: 3 is.
cfns-c120-presenter: and this is the first one. So criticize is for you once in an evening session.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thanks for a great discussion.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's tantalizing. We have hints, but we don't have inclusive proof. So as an experimental, as you say, I need to go
cfns-c120-presenter: new capability. Yes, because your own capability didn't do so far.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the spin puzzle right, I mean, we left that open. But in the end it's pretty clear. That's a quarks or expense to not account for the problem spin. You know that there is no one spin.
cfns-c120-presenter: We'd expect that also, simply by radiation, that there is something of that sort. So these sort of statements always need to be made at a specific scale, even at a longer term. We now have evidence for globalization. So apparently polarized goals are part the intrinsic structure of the problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: We have seen evidence now also in the polarized sector that there is a difference between anti-OP or polarization and anti don't work organization
cfns-c120-presenter: without any questions about fragmentation.
cfns-c120-presenter: And of course, lot of Qcd is is telling us more and more. But this is far from this whole problem at this point. In particular, if you start to ask questions about what was a momentum.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I like this graphic a lot. Actually, it's my presentation because it helps me understand? Right? I mean, look, the theory perspective start there, generalized, most generalized distribution experimental perspective. Start here. Problem has charged, you probably know, but it is. Graduate yourself to the part of the distribution function, and then, if you want to go further, pick one of 2 choices go into a transverse momentum, dependent distribution, or into a generalized part of the distribution.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: now, in terms of experiments. Right? I mean? What has it done? It has
cfns-c120-presenter: graduating from charge and charge radius in the end to a part of the distribution function has given us more mental charge. Radius is maybe something that is in special objects
cfns-c120-presenter: for an orbital momentum. You need to combine the 2 in one form or the other. Do you do that of a momentum space
cfns-c120-presenter: distribution. Or do you do that over the momentum distribution?
cfns-c120-presenter: Are those same? Should they, Fourier, transform into each other? But then you go again back to your, and they will say, no, they don't do that because they're different projections, as we all know, from clouds times. The projections can do very, very funny things, so I will not impersonate it. But I think we can all think about some various ways.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, that gets us to you guys, right? I mean, so what do we need to do combine the lines of that? We have use existing investments. That also makes matters a little bit more
cfns-c120-presenter: multiple. What's your luminosity? You want to go to higher order processes? Right? I mean, additional particles being produced additional coupling concepts. So think in terms of
cfns-c120-presenter: steps in the coupling costs. What is the coupling constant in some cases, maybe one over 137.
cfns-c120-presenter: So how many times an open?
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe the coupling is bigger, it'll be point one. Okay, then you still want to have several more. So so clearly, an important
cfns-c120-presenter: energy would be great.
cfns-c120-presenter: hard to go forward at this point within the Us in the, in multiple ways. So yeah, it's even, not the energy fault here. And so we have this 10 minus 5 calculation for right? Of X minimum
cfns-c120-presenter: for head on.
cfns-c120-presenter: But he, I see that it's probably an order of magnitude larger in the end. So that's that's a loss in a way, that's how you want to think about it. The other hand, you make up for that the versatility in your nuclear systems. So you can combine if everything, all of the some, I would say between problems and uranium. And in addition to that, you have polarization capabilities which I did not have before.
cfns-c120-presenter: or at least in my nuclei. And these are currently on their discussion. Portals are, I would say, given given the success of the program.
cfns-c120-presenter: Good ones are hard. He, in 3 again, is within the baseline capabilities. So if you
cfns-c120-presenter: Norman also team, we discussed right? I mean 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. Of course, we want to have multiple experiments. Well, okay, you need to start with one. This will seem to borrow. And of course, it needs to be in our lifetime.
cfns-c120-presenter: well, okay. I wish it's all prosperous health this to be within our lifetime. That's that's a good. So I mean, this is foreseeable in a way. Now is the time to engage in preparations.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, now, this is the right of actually that if you read one line up about the you read this form. Okay, but do that after you've read the textbook, and maybe this lecture of
cfns-c120-presenter: because you will gain a lot. What you will see is that the new capabilities, maybe each and in every one in and by themselves may not.
cfns-c120-presenter: Combination, however, is completely unique. Never before have we collided laptop beams.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's heavy nuclei.
cfns-c120-presenter: And yes, you will do that. That means that you get all the power of a collaborative experiment on a dense global environment offers you an opportunity to prom this very dense youonic medium
cfns-c120-presenter: addition to that, you have this luminosity that allows you to look for processes where an additional particle comes out that may have a transverse momentum, or in an exclusive process, which is, of course, higher. I mean, how can you pump a large amount of energy into a into a problem and expect it to stay intact?
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: Adequately, instrument! That you may see all that, even though it may be rare.
cfns-c120-presenter: Build your experiments. Okay? So these are capabilities that are in combination varied the questions that's
cfns-c120-presenter: and or they'll be addressed unlisted here, and he's, of course, get a little bit booty right? I mean, how do you do that in the end? I mean, if I ask you like, well, how are the seek works and
cfns-c120-presenter: distributed in space and momentum inside the? That's almost the question. I go find X, and then somebody will point you to the X on the triangle.
cfns-c120-presenter: of course you need to translate these sort of questions into actual measurements.
cfns-c120-presenter: Right? How are they distributed. How roughly like this!
cfns-c120-presenter: Good at those with help!
cfns-c120-presenter: What measurements do you have for addictions, for tests, etc., how this is that company work?
cfns-c120-presenter: This. This paper is organized in 4 themes in the end, before cartoon pictures to it. I show them here.
cfns-c120-presenter: So what you see here on the leftmost side is on the horizontal axis, the contribution of parks in the spin and on the vertical axis, the contribution from the old spins. So it's one of those Controller ports. You see the current knowledge which is If you look at the scales, I mean, note that the scales here are different
cfns-c120-presenter: by about an order of magnitude at the moment. In our understanding, it's very easy
cfns-c120-presenter: to height about 2 H Bar units in the environmental, on certain things on home polarization, contribution to the total spin. Do you know next to nothing about it?
cfns-c120-presenter: by current excel operations for whatever external relations are, you people have, and of course the goal is to narrow down, down. And indeed, you see that we are seeing Bill Chief near, apparently
cfns-c120-presenter: to the point where you could actually start as an experimentalist, make some fractions and say like, Oh, well, the angular momentum will be.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then your theory friend, will just run out of the room.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, thank you for saying The other one is that that you have the opportunity to do insights that the bottom or do to and then ask about spatial distributions. And you see here, density plots of in this case the upworks inside a polarized proton
cfns-c120-presenter: polarization is transverse. So apparently you have some sort of rotating objects, and the call sections are different. If you call this the electromagnetic problem, the plan, then slow environments we spoke about. The other thing is, of course, about particle obligation for nuclear matter.
cfns-c120-presenter: I part of the obligation to matter is essentially everything we know about the tech. It's all about article propagation through material.
cfns-c120-presenter: Much of that is an atomic process. some sort.
cfns-c120-presenter: even for that reason in and by itself. It also intrigued any experimental. This, what happens in a nuclear environment?
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so what does this paper do in the end? Well, it's seeks to translate these questions into observers.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then it seems to go further and link that back to the measurement capabilities she needs.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now, truth in advertising this, this may seem very linear right? Because, you know, I want to measure this and all that means that I need to. Well, I want to answer this question. That means that I need to measure that. And I need to do that precision.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's sort of If you ask somebody a bit further in that career, right. I mean, it seems very linear. And if you're student or both of you think like, Oh, my God, this never works that linear. Well, guess what it doesn't. It only does some 20 years late.
cfns-c120-presenter: I so I did the the white paper too many years to develop. That's why it appears, Media.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's an iterative process. Now, in fairness, yellow report has gone further. It's also an honorable package of sega.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So it's sort of the encyclopedia of, except that it hasn't so stupid test of time yet.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so be a bit careful with I'll show you nothing else. Speed.
cfns-c120-presenter: no, about spin right? I mean. So here we have the processes that we want to call. You see the variety in the end. Of course, there is inclusive deep in the last 6 capturing. There's also the aspect of the electromagnetic interaction to it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, charge currents, interactions in the ends. Different experimental requirements. Actually, of course, we want to look for your order processes an important one, semi-inclusive, deep in elastic, scattering
cfns-c120-presenter: me to measuring these Tmds.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we want to look for exclusive processes. Key to GPS. In the end
cfns-c120-presenter: we want to do that. This. So what is the existing landscape? Of what can an E I see, as in that case, that goes back directly at the capabilities of provide.
cfns-c120-presenter: So so far, we've seen these type of jobs only in fixed target experiments for construction. That means that you're not unlimited
cfns-c120-presenter: to the X region
cfns-c120-presenter: that is dominated by park structure. But you know that glooms actually are very important part of the nuclear structure itself.
cfns-c120-presenter: What about their spins. India, they saw these units or more of each part we can easily hide.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so in the IC. And detail headquarters of micro teams, both in Q square, that fixed X, and in X or each
cfns-c120-presenter: to this study. Capability in this case comes about from a combination of provider.
cfns-c120-presenter: the polarization.
cfns-c120-presenter: And just because you've been able to create polarization in a fixed target does not mean that you can realize it took about
cfns-c120-presenter: 15 years or so big developments it actually gets to the first.
cfns-c120-presenter: but they're only provider. What will that do? Well, you have now the opportunity. You don't have the opportunity to. Indeed, directly look for these over. I take derivatives of structure functions, and with that get inside where the Delta G is positive or negative.
cfns-c120-presenter: and how much it actually is. And I think that these type of derivatives, if you can see them directly for an experimentalist, that's easier than doing all the
cfns-c120-presenter: 3, you.
cfns-c120-presenter: of course, their experimental challenges. And now, in terms of impacts, you see, impact fits. Right? So you went through the machinery with the pseudo beta. And what you see, indeed, is that over a very large range.
cfns-c120-presenter: your connects.
cfns-c120-presenter: you will make significant impact even in a quality you you think you know not about or screen contribution, but in particular, in your bloom spin contribution.
cfns-c120-presenter: of course, at unmeasured small X, you can always insert a delta function or something to like anyone's like
cfns-c120-presenter: in terms of the subtraction. You see that work out here, and then here to just encourage again that the reference speak up in these decisions get to the point where you can ask questions about orbital momentum in the full moment sense.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then well.
cfns-c120-presenter: you need a lecture. What does it mean, or it's a moment of what updates
cfns-c120-presenter: and on each other. That's that's a great discussion that will take another 10 years, I'm sure as well. That's number 2, right? I mean, ask a very fundamental question. Slow down your theory, friends. Catch up in experiments.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? semi-inclusive, deep in elastic scattering. But I mean this this question about strange works. If you have particle identification over there.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's an infinite joy, this this point up. then you are likely to gain additional sensitivity to the struck
cfns-c120-presenter: inside. The problem. So A. K. On is more likely to contain what we have originated from a strange park, let's say, down a pile
cfns-c120-presenter: just by its intrinsic structure.
cfns-c120-presenter: Of course I have introduced to all the derivative objects and resolve them, etc., how it's it's complicated. Still, it's possible in adequately a good experiments. And you can see that even in the polarized case you get large impacts on your strange park
cfns-c120-presenter: elicity distribution. Also. Let's see if the average you would expect.
cfns-c120-presenter: approved
cfns-c120-presenter: I again graduating beyond the Pdf, right? I mean, this was all this, this
cfns-c120-presenter: probe and beam of loans if you wish, graduating beyond, so that 2 paths, as I before one of them is called Tmds, because for physicists, not only do we come up with grades.
cfns-c120-presenter: names for start you and I'll create a visions. A. W. F. We also come up with acronym that are really convincing. So Tmds.
cfns-c120-presenter: obviously you have many of them. Likewise. Gpds. thanks for a great part conversation. Okay, so
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe better of just 2 days in the evening. Here, I don't mean this. You see them compared here. I think that they're highly complex. 3.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's worthwhile again to think in terms of experimental capabilities. What do we get right. So let's first look at the Tmd model. Tmds are typically about semi in those physics where you resolve the second.
cfns-c120-presenter: the axes. So again, you see the existing data and data that is to come populate surveillance. And I would say in a bit more force, right? So it sort of stops at 10 minus 2 in a small scale. E. I see again the for you. These orders of magnitude
cfns-c120-presenter: impact format is again very significant. So you see a Qcd evolution evaluation
cfns-c120-presenter: of this type of measurements with its impact going from green to blue. So that comes about again from the capability of being able to do this at a fixed X value for many, many Q. Squared from still span on our change.
cfns-c120-presenter: In a way this is similar to
cfns-c120-presenter: in terms of capabilities. It's similar, I'm saying. It's an inclusive measurements. It's about paying to provide a strength to this entire field
cfns-c120-presenter: and impact figures. I've seen some of them before hopefully. once the I see is online for a few years. You all this is reality. This type of pictures.
cfns-c120-presenter: situation for Gpd is a bit different. I would say it's not so much about kinematic range, but it's rather about the precision of data that one can achieve. So here you actually compete with prior measurements made of head on least an initial, settle them, but have measure of it. Dependence
cfns-c120-presenter: over a fair range, albeit with rather large uncertainties, as you can see over here.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's because it's a our process. And because this cross section also drops out of rapidly. Yeah, here you see the corresponding quality of data projected for the Eic. So, indeed, a later experiment
that a luminosity plus
cfns-c120-presenter: aspects of how you measure so making a dedicated experiment, now that you know what you're after
cfns-c120-presenter: actually really come to the fourth
cfns-c120-presenter: again in terms of impact. This is the type of thing you hope to see in the multiple future.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll go a bit further when people advertise the E as the femtos call or microscope.
cfns-c120-presenter: Last time I operated microscope it was pretty simple, right? I mean, you sort of focus. You looked and you had an image will be superb. Computing actually gets to the level where we have all day. The Ec gets online.
cfns-c120-presenter: you have real time analysis for the computing friends along us.
cfns-c120-presenter: nuclei. similar story. Again, okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: the truth in advertising there is that if the Lhc would come online in any reasonable
cfns-c120-presenter: timeframe, of course it's central of mouse energy will be higher.
cfns-c120-presenter: So, in other words, there is no competition. If you know that this facility comes online. it's also not necessarily about competition could be about timeline. and insights do happen in
cfns-c120-presenter: all an incremental weeks, if you wish. of course you also have the.
cfns-c120-presenter: I would also say that the knowledge, Ec
cfns-c120-presenter: would be a high energy physics of this experimentalist. So I mean perspective that comes with very different requirements. Actually better, such a thing totally can combine or not.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, nuclear landscape. Let me just quickly go through that. again, in terms of impacts depending on the probe your off. So this can be around a large
cfns-c120-presenter: it allows you to probe in sensitive ways, even from the inclusive sides of this phenomenon on saturation.
cfns-c120-presenter: In the end
cfns-c120-presenter: you can ask yourself like, Look if this is, let's call it your discovery potential.
cfns-c120-presenter: and you a double straight, that you have it at 5. Sigma. Well, that also is no
cfns-c120-presenter: because that's all. How many of our physics works, and if you cannot do that, do you have complimentary prompts, and one of them is shown over here. So that's that's a digest coordination where all of the 2 jets propagate through this dense environment and get.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's
cfns-c120-presenter: Likewise, I mean, if you need to have this very dense like environment, you could do a classic diffraction experiments in the end. Right? So you look for your diffraction problems
cfns-c120-presenter: depending on the blackness of that disc that would actually change
cfns-c120-presenter: now in experiments, that is a complete and counter, or because what you need to do and measure the cross section that actually drops
cfns-c120-presenter: or rises
cfns-c120-presenter: in very small intervals in T. In that case, by about an order of magnitude, and you would like to indeed do that with Mobile that is exceedingly hard experimentally here in the Us.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, where most of us, I think, at some point, have looked at things like unfolding.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then you realize, like, Hmm, simple concept that's complex quickly. It's not the type of thing you want to on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, you need to measure sure
cfns-c120-presenter: experimentally, just challenging.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now this, I will skip in the interest of time.
cfns-c120-presenter: like to come to the post where they're starting to for beats on the stomachs, and all of that.
cfns-c120-presenter: this was our goal for today. So you help with
cfns-c120-presenter: provided you with a bit of insights. How the I see they'll be world! Why, it's unique.
cfns-c120-presenter: Think it is a combination factors, and most important in Nots are, of course, the communities
cfns-c120-presenter: with a number of physicists in a room, and remarkably creative things to come out.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then to realize that the step tool, I think we are in a unique place where that actually may be from on the
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. So it is, there'll be a combinational feeling. As always, the physics will be a combination with the experiments, as always in physics.
cfns-c120-presenter: but especially also with our friends and accelerator science.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a truly astounding area of physics to be in at the moment. I think, very creative.
cfns-c120-presenter: Our mental work.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's in this case really 3 prompts. that is native. I think, for nuclear physics purposes you have a number of profound questions that will be addressed.
cfns-c120-presenter: Of course there are many other opportunities, and there is ample evidence for surprise in nature, provided that you actually look
cfns-c120-presenter: also in places where you expect it all. So to last.
cfns-c120-presenter: And again, I mean, I hope, that I've given you a flash overview of how the new capability and measurements.
cfns-c120-presenter: at least qualitatively, come together where they come about in which areas there are things. But I've not covered this, of course, all of aspects of ital benefits. So let me stop here. I should just interrupt.
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thank you for nice talk. I wanted to.
cfns-c120-presenter: experimentally
cfns-c120-presenter: they got me a I see so like the particles that to be colliding in this case, we've seen.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think they have used this ion
cfns-c120-presenter: uranium uranium. If it's on polarized.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay? Goes to very heavy teams. Right? So, Rick, at this point routinely provides gold ions.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. Let's see routinely bytes that ions that ions
cfns-c120-presenter: this one another
cfns-c120-presenter: both those capabilities will be preserved into the cr.
cfns-c120-presenter: so but but to start with with aic, so because the energy is so far to be between 20 and 140 TV. So for those images, we
cfns-c120-presenter: this and that. with you, right? The future. Yeah. Once they send your messages, I increase, then we go to heavier. So the range of E, I see energies. that's that's actually an interesting question. also for an evening discussion.
cfns-c120-presenter: I suppose you have a 27. Suppose you have the IC exp. So you have an At and TV electoral.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I have a
cfns-c120-presenter: for nucleon, I on B
cfns-c120-presenter: HP managing.
cfns-c120-presenter: Should I emphasize, to increase, to increase myself or loss, energy
cfns-c120-presenter: will be a good topic for discussion in the evening. Now, in terms of the capability at this point, you see, is foreseen in the case of it's heavy ion capabilities reached. There's one on the Gp. Brian.
cfns-c120-presenter: In the case of problems. It can go up to 140 Gv. Brian. in the case of the electron that goes up to 18 Gv.
cfns-c120-presenter: And those are top energies. At this point.
cfns-c120-presenter: I am not currently aware of energy upgrade plans to those rounds.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, you can always talk about energy upgrade intense.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's fine. People don't like to do that. But I'm not aware of actual plans at this point to to increase that. Does that help? Or okay, yeah. The other thing. Maybe it's just saturation. Does it have to do with the
cfns-c120-presenter: it's of light out? If yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's it.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think in the first lecture I had something like you, you know it. you're looking at the separation of the of the clocks. So to tell, for example, which? What Polite is the electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: And what's that separation? It's not enough then kind of saturation.
cfns-c120-presenter: rises. So
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm looking in terms of the heavier
cfns-c120-presenter: So how I would think about that as an experimentalist So that's an experimental perspective. And I'll I'll leave it to some of my theory, friends, to come. And then First of all, I would ask
cfns-c120-presenter: our quirk and global degrees of freedom, still, the effective degrees of freedom to describe a system that is recombining. If you mission this form.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's intuitive to think about it. But I think if you want to truly develop.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm not saying almost that or predictive power. It isn't.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's 1 one call. And I would make the second comment. From an experimental point of view.
cfns-c120-presenter: The problem is, is of course, one object.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's and the only way how you can increase the number of rules that you encounter
cfns-c120-presenter: by probing smaller values of X, which inevitably means higher square root of this. In the case of a nucleus, you have a bunch of problems, controls by nucleons. You wish stacked behind each other.
cfns-c120-presenter: as you call my. The collision actually is the the spatial extent. There doesn't matter.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay in this direction. And that's the strength of actually, you're building up
cfns-c120-presenter: the number of nucleons. And that's how this A to the one-thirds which we saw some evidence actually comes about.
cfns-c120-presenter: So that's where the trade off between, let's say, an E. A. And an Ep. Collider at higher energies comes in, and then the question, Will you see saturation at the C. Or M. Of course I don't know.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hey? Who does? You can make up. We have tantalizing observations. We don't have conclusive, both
cfns-c120-presenter: as an experimentalist. How do you go about that? You just say, well, okay, this is the densest environment that's can reasonably be achieved in my lifetime.
cfns-c120-presenter: I find it sufficiently interesting. I jump into the poll. I find out how deep it is.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, and you may end up being disappointed. You may also strike on. You get about 5 short. So that's as an experimental physicist. Everything worthwhile takes about 10 years.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So the only thing I would say, pick with conviction. what are you doing?
cfns-c120-presenter: 1 h, 10 min for lunch. What are they, actually? Why don't? since it's the first day. And people are getting these things. let's start the afternoon session 1 15. So you have a full 90 min. And what we're gonna do, we're we can lock this room. I believe it's okay. So you can leave things here. We're gonna lock things here. And then, if you want to follow me, I'm going to go down the stairs and we're going to go over to the student activity center. It's got some minimal selection, but there's pizza pasta
cfns-c120-presenter: chicken grab and go grow for burgers and things. but it's nearby and quick, and so we'll head over there, and then we'll start at 1 15.
cfns-c120-presenter: We have a full 90 min. So
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: well, I' to some mathematics.
cfns-c120-presenter: I will explain, but it's kind of highlighted, and we have also some. Yeah, cool. We will. You stay till then next week? So
cfns-c120-presenter: yes.
so I'll be. I'm all away. Yes, slides that are just both of touch people, characters, but I never remember. But I can remember. Oh, he had that.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you from some city in the Netherlands.
cfns-c120-presenter: I've studied to do the rest of the at this point on this. so yeah, I local. You started actually, I wanted to make. I think you should do that, and I can most, because so you will continue next tomorrow.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, thank you for that image of the robot it? It's actually AI, don't! I'll I'll I'll I'll see where you eat, Simon, and make that
cfns-c120-presenter: they can't join us.
cfns-c120-presenter: I hope we get you just
cfns-c120-presenter: exactly.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: exactly. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: I' sure.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know
cfns-c120-presenter: as it at least.
cfns-c120-presenter: bye. Bye.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, don't worry about it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hey?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, exactly.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: Bye
cfns-c120-presenter: and me.
cfns-c120-presenter: I didn't think it was good.
cfns-c120-presenter: And
cfns-c120-presenter: well, I I
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, I haven't maintained his.
cfns-c120-presenter: you guys can see that right? Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: I can see. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, oh, yeah, yeah, I'm from. Come here, let me take a few.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you have your
cfns-c120-presenter: A Bj, can you see that I I can't see it. Yeah. not as famous as
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. It's not like, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: And
alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: how is it going to? How is it going?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes. Did they pay for the the trip? eventually. University video? Oh, my God, I can't believe it. I get out. But they're gonna they'll reimburse it. Okay, that. Just so saying, Zoom, my results.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so how are we setting that up like, what's the order of presentation? It's gonna be like last pain, like, there's 2 weeks.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's 2 sessions. Yeah, so yeah, I think it's all a little bit random. Yeah, it's you know. So just you know. of course, there is a somewhere
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not like.
cfns-c120-presenter: or, as you know, if there was something we just working in to an apartment, some more from things. So
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, a lot of time
cfns-c120-presenter: I was. you are still
cfns-c120-presenter: doing. These traveling is on vacation is going to go to Germany. Now, what is that legal? Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: and his family.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't know. I I do like Georgia. So
cfns-c120-presenter: towards talk it's nice.
cfns-c120-presenter: very. Both are very complete and nice talks. Well, George is great.
cfns-c120-presenter: the outline, the problem. Well.
cfns-c120-presenter: so we ran along. We're going to give an extra 15 min.
cfns-c120-presenter: I try to encourage them, but they don't. But the the, the real place where the seafood grailing place next door. They do so, they they it's not bad, and they also serve beer. It's just still the problem of Oh, good! Good! It doesn't on deer. Yeah, just putting various of things on charges. So
cfns-c120-presenter: yes, that's that's kind of worse.
I was hungry.
It.
cfns-c120-presenter: the.
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you.
Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: I just
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
okay.
Okay.
okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: So let's see if you can be able to get a deal current. Oh, you need one.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, okay, so
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not because it's
cfns-c120-presenter: yours.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, no, it doesn't matter what he's using. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. Or you can hook up there. If you left that in that you can hook up under this flap.
cfns-c120-presenter: There it is
cfns-c120-presenter: this thing.
cfns-c120-presenter: I just keep it out of trouble. Not that that needs to be Plugin.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, no, I didn't. I wasn't to plug anything in. I just wanted to. Oh, not have anything. But I got. I thought you were starting to look for. I'm like, I'll use that one if it's over my right shoulder. Sorry.
that's up.
This is
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. The question I want to go on
cfns-c120-presenter: this point. The
cfns-c120-presenter: what do you?
cfns-c120-presenter: I would. Well, it's in there all sorts of
a terminology. But it is a
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. don't eat
cfns-c120-presenter: it has
cfns-c120-presenter: based on you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, like I had some
cfns-c120-presenter: what's going on.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, it's it's the standard model standard. So
cfns-c120-presenter: invitations in which includes Qcd, then
cfns-c120-presenter: on fields, there's
cfns-c120-presenter: some kind of context whether that context is on a
cfns-c120-presenter: way, we think about effect series. Now, it's something or fundamental. East length scales manifest. I we have to see having to make it. Then
cfns-c120-presenter: it's wonderful. It's the effective theory
cfns-c120-presenter: picture is
final, you know.
cfns-c120-presenter: One could say, well, to some extent it's true. By definition you have some sort of theory. Something deeper is But
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. So
cfns-c120-presenter: why do you ask? I mean, what? What's what is the reason, I ask is because we still have a lot of
cfns-c120-presenter: for anything one per do it
cfns-c120-presenter: on as
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: you want
cfns-c120-presenter: your theories flow from one
cfns-c120-presenter: one conformal point to another.
cfns-c120-presenter: To some extent. Every theory along the way is just fundamental.
cfns-c120-presenter: in that sense.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's definitely
cfns-c120-presenter: there's there's more to be learned.
And in particular, one might imagine
cfns-c120-presenter: some of the things that we can only calculate
cfns-c120-presenter: could be understood. and in a new way, you know.
but that way would be
cfns-c120-presenter: well.
cfns-c120-presenter: which may mean new effective theory. So at various points on that and flow.
cfns-c120-presenter: But I these are profound questions.
cfns-c120-presenter: I have worked it for a couple of years on this.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think it was.
cfns-c120-presenter: They did something, Jeffrey, to you explored.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: so an idea that I understand is
cfns-c120-presenter: so. In that case, this question about
cfns-c120-presenter: whether the theory is effective, it comes to the correct
cfns-c120-presenter: soon.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: then we?
cfns-c120-presenter: So the question I ask here is
cfns-c120-presenter: essentially approving
cfns-c120-presenter: you. Essentially.
cfns-c120-presenter: they they can shift around or something. Oh, nice.
cfns-c120-presenter: We're going to start about 5 min in the respect we're going to use a blackboard like. So if you want to kind of touch your chairs so you can see that.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, the tables are connected to that. So so we can't do that. But it's like, so you'll have to rotate your chairs. But if you want to shift a little bit. It's, I think I'll start you can. We can use both sides, of the tables, maybe some something. So sprinkle a few here, right, so you can use those?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: and there some chairs in the corner. But
cfns-c120-presenter: we can move those around to a doing location
cfns-c120-presenter: thanks again, for getting started so
cfns-c120-presenter: you know it's difficult, and you can also join virtually, but if not just, you know, it'll just be informal. Yeah, I I think. it's not. Well, I don't want to bring tension to myself, but I you know I may come for like 45 min, if you know it turns out I was travelling yesterday, which took a little longer.
cfns-c120-presenter: They're they're tired. So after 45 min. Yeah, yeah. If if it works for you.
cfns-c120-presenter: I will be the most.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, I see.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, don't worry about it. I'll make 2. I can
cfns-c120-presenter: so you have up here.
cfns-c120-presenter: oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: all right let's continue and during this lecture, we'll turn 90 degrees actually, quite literally, to a church was talking about. And so Ian Stewart is going to tell us about the transfers
cfns-c120-presenter: motion of in the nucleon. So he'll tell us about the 3 dimensional structure
cfns-c120-presenter: of the nuclear and the electronic. Either his lectures will be on the backwards. You can see also
cfns-c120-presenter: the material for the lectures is posted on on the vehicle side, including his.
cfns-c120-presenter: We know it's in some information
cfns-c120-presenter: my findings.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright, thanks. So I'm going to give all my lectures in black. We're gonna use the whole board. So you're sitting such that you can see the board
cfns-c120-presenter: just yourself now.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I've been asked to talk about the
cfns-c120-presenter: and in particular, what I want to focus on, or what I call transverse momentum distribution.
cfns-c120-presenter: So 3D structure is actually broader than just I've decided to try to let it to have things fit into
so
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's a lot to write. I wrote it once. We're gonna it's when I want to say this. All right. Tmd.
cfns-c120-presenter: what I want to say transverse one to kind of I'll add mass.
cfns-c120-presenter: the Mps.
cfns-c120-presenter: So these come in in various flavors. The simplest example is taking a part on distribution function that George was talking about inspectors this morning, and adding to that not only a a measurement of logic to the momentum
cfns-c120-presenter: this variable acts.
cfns-c120-presenter: but also Travers.
cfns-c120-presenter: For technical reasons, we have a camera that holds the speaker. Now he'll follow you. It's first. It needs to understand the view of the speaker. You can come here such that it oh, if knows where you are at, and then they'll follow you from here. So all right, I mean, okay, works. Here you go. So now now you folks don't move, because every time you move
cfns-c120-presenter: this will try. Okay, so it will for you, you see.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, yes, yes, you're still the speaker. Oh, any more, he's not! I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I'll I
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll I'll I'll switch it! To a different. Camera! But so I posted some references for this material. One of them is something we're quite proud of. We've written it recently.
cfns-c120-presenter: a handbook on transfer, and it visits. Well, the archive number is
cfns-c120-presenter: 2, 3, and 4. So 302.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's also, if you're interested in
cfns-c120-presenter: out of the effective field theory aspects of this story, and there's a course that I have. It's on the line for. So it's on the indigo side.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that goes beyond
cfns-c120-presenter: what I'll talk about in these lectures. This is sort of the material for the lectures.
cfns-c120-presenter: Particular chapter 2 of this fuck.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll cover my chapter 2 itself. It's like 90 pages. You won't cover more than
cfns-c120-presenter: lots of good stuff in there
cfns-c120-presenter: and if you want to go sort of even further beyond the book, the
cfns-c120-presenter: so before I get going, let me try to motivate.
cfns-c120-presenter: Why are these things interesting? So we're really exploring
cfns-c120-presenter: some a complicated system that we've been exploring for like 30, 40 years, maybe the proton. It's a relativistic bound. State.
cfns-c120-presenter: A bag, if you like, of course, and moving at the speed of light confined into this complicated object
cfns-c120-presenter: bottom fluctuation. I want you to be a good part.
cfns-c120-presenter: and this is the object that it is a kind of a fundamental, serious thing that we've been studying for for a long time and transverse momentum dependence provides another handle understanding those complicated down states
cfns-c120-presenter: so. or
cfns-c120-presenter: the screens
cfns-c120-presenter: proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: And when we're doing that. We're looking inside the proton. We're taking snapshots. We're using some hard probe for short distances to see the part time the forks and that are inside the pro.
cfns-c120-presenter: And you can think of this. This is your photon circular approximation that you are to this.
cfns-c120-presenter: and if the proton is moving in this direction. and then you find a part on in the protons here.
cfns-c120-presenter: The longitudinal meant for that part on is some fraction, say acts of the proton
cfns-c120-presenter: that's in the direction of the motion and transverse just means in the plane it's Traverse to inspector.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: so we want to make it now. Not only probe the X multitudinal fraction of the moment of that part time, but also it.
cfns-c120-presenter: And of course.
okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, in order to do that at the Eic, we're going to exploit spin information.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so this proton could have some polarization factor.
cfns-c120-presenter: We're on.
cfns-c120-presenter: And also by being very differential about how we make the measurements, and including all the angles we can from different aspects of this for polarization
cfns-c120-presenter: that so there's going to be spin aspects to these measurements. But it's by lecture-free. I'll only introduce you to the we'll start now with, I would find.
cfns-c120-presenter: and these are very interesting, because they provide yet another handle on the structure of the proton.
And in particular, if you think about quantum mechanics you think of like like hyperfine splitting.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, there's here's the core model where you have your your levels for hydrogen. Then you have fine structure, and the fine structure can be spent in that.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we get a more deep picture of what's going on inside of hydrogen by studying the spin and kind of structure.
cfns-c120-presenter: The same is true for a proton by studying the independent structure, and in particular, spin momentum correlations that you have more of.
cfns-c120-presenter: we can get a deeper understanding.
cfns-c120-presenter: I not.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we'll get into into detail later. But just for this, for the moment, let me give you 2 examples. There's something called a worm gear
cfns-c120-presenter: that involves the traverse momentum dotted into a spin. Vector
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this pre back to that distribution is is exactly a dot product between transverse element and the spin. Vector it wouldn't be there if we're measuring the transit.
cfns-c120-presenter: Another one that's more famous is what's called the service function.
cfns-c120-presenter: it also a dot product.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's an anti-symmetric on that
cfns-c120-presenter: Patrick on product.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so these are kind of things that you can get additional access to by studying.
cfns-c120-presenter: But that's one motivation. It's a pretty big motivation. As he really study this physics details inside the proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: this is just for for the time being, this, this notation is just some symbol.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's defined by these names, but like to find by looking at the terms that have this structure in front. And
cfns-c120-presenter: you know I could have called an ABC. But for now it's just a little bit more. Why, it gets this particular subscription.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's another
cfns-c120-presenter: it's quite mentioning. And that is that precision physics actually depends on really understanding. And I'll give you. It's not really the focus of my lectures, but I'll give you 2 examples. One is pink physics.
cfns-c120-presenter: It turns out when you're producing a Hicks Bose on with the most, and you're interested in it's one of the 2. I was introduced one of channels, but in order to get there, it's important to measure some differential distributions that hits both on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Don't just measure the total rates, but you also want to have a handle on the kinematics, and the most important Higgs mental distribution is, it's
cfns-c120-presenter: experimentally, it's used really understand
cfns-c120-presenter: what's going on.
cfns-c120-presenter: So people want to make precision predictions and you have them to experiment, and also the experiment.
cfns-c120-presenter: Carlo, to calibrate things. Another example is what's called drill. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I will be talking about this one today.
cfns-c120-presenter: You only see, proton proton goes to the
cfns-c120-presenter: you plus you minus pair. And then, as George is talking about, it's an exclusive process, there's a process like I asked. He was talking about. We have anything else for access, anything.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in this process again, you can measure the transverse momentum dependence. Here. It's the transverse momentum of kind of stuff that you plus to minus pair
cfns-c120-presenter: that you measure and that measure. Those measurements are some of the most precise measurements that we've actually made
cfns-c120-presenter: of a distribution of a hadronic distribution. It's 7% of point 2% uncertainty.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright, very nice.
cfns-c120-presenter: Theoretically, we have to like catch up with the.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so finally, just coming back.
cfns-c120-presenter: Motivation for why we want to study these distributions.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's really, again, that some of the properties of you see, either they're kind of mysterious. So there's confinement. The fact that these quirks and blue on the of the speed of light are confined inside had run.
cfns-c120-presenter: and she something about the organization which is related to
cfns-c120-presenter: where, if I produce in a our collision a quark.
cfns-c120-presenter: and it's travelling long for a little while, it's a free part. Then it it starts splitting, and it's what's called the jack. And then the park times inside that jet hadronized don't see free to marks as we're discussing this morning, see happens. And so they're going to find their friends.
cfns-c120-presenter: and they're going to form down state.
cfns-c120-presenter: So that's kind of the inverse process of the initial state where you're pro having a proton. It's already existing, and you're smashing them together. Probably inside the proton. Modernization is in some hard collision.
cfns-c120-presenter: I find some. Okay. So both of these phenomena are related to problem and interesting aspects.
cfns-c120-presenter: And E, I, C is really going to shift my
cfns-c120-presenter: through these measurements.
cfns-c120-presenter: Because you're fine. If you're having another candle on how those mechanisms work, it's not just a one dimensional distribution anymore, like part of the distribution function. So they want you to know. Now you've got a 3 dimensional distribution
with the 3. I don't know.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. What send you, sir? Will will it improve our understanding of the fact that
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, so it's it's still just kind of giving you a snapshot. But you're asking now the question, what is the distribution in kind of transverse to the collision access.
cfns-c120-presenter: What? What are the the distribution of part of this looks like? So it's not related anymore to the boost that we like make hit each other very under. Technically, you're getting kind of a more picture of like, what if they look primarily inside the the proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's transverse to actually.
cfns-c120-presenter: what's the intrinsic transverse momentum of a particle is fluctuating around.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's just another. It is just another handle in the end. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's the difference between the hybridization in AI, I mean, electron, I am collisions. And I am. I am. For there is of the modernization in the organization we're thinking about, like the production of pilots.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so for to first approximation, probably in, there can can be interactions with the medium. And that's what can cause a difference?
cfns-c120-presenter: and it depends a little bit on the on the scales of the problems. There could be some difference.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, I. You know, the thing that we're going to observe in the end is is a pi on. And the question is in the formation of that plan. Did it get interact with the medium, the particles that are forming the bound state before they actually form the bound state, and they interact with the medium. And that effect, how to
cfns-c120-presenter: like such as, Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, you.
cfns-c120-presenter: you have to like, yeah, you can get more plans. Certainly in an electron, I am Collider, because that more particles begin with. Right?
cfns-c120-presenter: That's not. You have to sort of MoD out by the number of
cfns-c120-presenter: But even on top of that it could be fact that can.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. Questions.
cfns-c120-presenter: all right. So what is going to be some goals of, in fact. First.
cfns-c120-presenter: well, the first call is going to be connect measurements
cfns-c120-presenter: to these Tmds that I and that's gonna require some understanding of factors. That which is kind of a technical topic. And I'll try to walk you through a little bit of things related to factorization. Give you a few for what's going on and why we get these teams coming out of
cfns-c120-presenter: now an important concept and part time distribution functions is the fact that they're universal.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's what allows us to take them from one experiment or 2 global fits to that and use them in another experiment, or do global fits for them that really gives a cons, a a to them beyond just the single
cfns-c120-presenter: measurement that you're doing. It applies to multiple measurements of multiple different kinds of colliders.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the same thing is to here transverse momentum dependence. We have to ask about how universal they are.
cfns-c120-presenter: And it turns out that things are, you know, more complicated. Once we have this additional measurement.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's a little less universal than 500, but actually still understandable.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so
cfns-c120-presenter: I guess I could say, here, it's just as universal. But it's as part of the distribution functions but a little harder to understand.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's because what what are called Wilson lines that show up in the definition what a really fundamental role in understanding their universality.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so I'll introduce you to idea of what some line
cfns-c120-presenter: eventually.
cfns-c120-presenter: they'd be much or too. But what makes these universal functions that we can take from one measurement, another one experiment.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now
cfns-c120-presenter: it turns out that when you're making predictions, you want to make predictions
cfns-c120-presenter: for these time distributions and both perturbative Tocd and not perturbative to you, play a role. So I'll have to explain why that is that you'll see. But
cfns-c120-presenter: in my life. There is going to be various expansions happening and are going to be related to how you separate.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thanks.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we're going to
cfns-c120-presenter: predictions
cfns-c120-presenter: to experiment. Make sure we're understanding what we're doing. And that's gonna involve
cfns-c120-presenter: summing log large logarithms.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in the final, in the go, one of the words in the title sets recent, and that comes into making precision connection. So I want you to hear some theorists talking about reservation. I do some next to that leading log calculation. I'll try to give you a sense of exactly what they're talking about.
cfns-c120-presenter: No, I don't. But if you mean instant months.
cfns-c120-presenter: not perturbative here, I just mean physics at confinement scale.
cfns-c120-presenter: So, Mary, general
cfns-c120-presenter: for universality, what do you mean? Universal, with respect to the nucleus, for example, you yeah. Universal is like the new this. But, like, for example, I'll I'll get a second and introduce 2 processes that the same distribution show up in
cfns-c120-presenter: as well as in something like.
yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Other questions.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, are you going to put your notes on on? Oh, cool. So these notes are already
cfns-c120-presenter: one of all in the long run. Right.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so let me introduce 2 thoughts for you. That will be, allow me to be a little more explicit if I went through this.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I already introduced I love.
cfns-c120-presenter: But now let me dig into a little bit. If it's a little bit deeper. we're going to study in the center of mass.
cfns-c120-presenter: and in that frame we have
cfns-c120-presenter: back to back. and we can take the the
and
cfns-c120-presenter: on any so.
cfns-c120-presenter: And they have big momenta just along with this.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, sometimes it's useful to.
cfns-c120-presenter: And what we actually slide you slide. These together are some.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's you keep our and the virtual
cfns-c120-presenter: right? It's it's starting to look like a fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's what the core vector of this virtual photon. The queue corresponds to the total. For back to the new plot on his pair.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in these types of bidder.
cfns-c120-presenter: analysis, it's useful for me to what I call my.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I'll write a 4 vector decomposed instead of 0 instead of energy, Z and x and y, all right. It in terms of plus minus. Qt, q 2 is just 2 x and p y.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's just A and q plus and Q minus, or just
cfns-c120-presenter: convenient for your combinations. A. Q. 0.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the reason that we do this is because things tend to have either a large q plus a small q minus or large q minus a small k plus.
cfns-c120-presenter: because if you zoom, 0 and Z are in the same direction.
cfns-c120-presenter: He has a same sign as the energy, then these add, I mean, you possibly be big in the minus sign they subtract. And
cfns-c120-presenter: on this picture over here we could say that PA, plus it's big
cfns-c120-presenter: and P. E minus is.
cfns-c120-presenter: the other components are small. That means that the center of mass energy.
cfns-c120-presenter: nice.
cfns-c120-presenter: all squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: awesome. Got it?
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So what do we measure? Well, we can be differential. And all of these things are usually organized in different way.
cfns-c120-presenter: Talk about Q squared
cfns-c120-presenter: this combination.
cfns-c120-presenter: We talk about the
cfns-c120-presenter: that one stays the same. And then we talk usually about.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's the ratio of custom, minus
cfns-c120-presenter: rapidity is just a way of map. This another expression for kind of tracking the polar angle.
cfns-c120-presenter: Are you part of this this way or the
cfns-c120-presenter: it's going to be.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not first.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a variable that goes from minus infinity, and one would actually be 0. It transfers to the beam and plus infinity with a lot on the other axis, on the being just a mapping and data like.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, so how can I get transverse moment to this picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to be a little bit schematic at this point in that far, precise later on.
cfns-c120-presenter: But the way that transverse momentum can come in is as follows.
cfns-c120-presenter: we can imagine having, and for experimenting distribution functions
cfns-c120-presenter: that are sensitive to these quart here, and they're
cfns-c120-presenter: let me call this one I
cfns-c120-presenter: now at the the vertex of the collisions.
cfns-c120-presenter: the the if the courts are carrying some traverse momentum, and that just gets annihilated, and so it goes into the.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's a delta function here.
cfns-c120-presenter: It says the transverse momentum of this.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's what the functions say, incoming
cfns-c120-presenter: total.
cfns-c120-presenter: But then we can imagine, you know, if we pick a core code of the proton, you don't know precisely. You know what it's time for momentum is, but there's some way of describing it kind of probabilistic makes sense
cfns-c120-presenter: as some kind of just efficient function. And that's what these Tmds are doing.
cfns-c120-presenter: This app just app. I like generalization.
cfns-c120-presenter: They're telling us about
cfns-c120-presenter: to the Pdfs. The one to 2.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's not, strictly speaking, a probability distribution that was mentioned this morning. But the way I like to think about it? Is it kind of just acts like one in the sense that it tells us? Are there more particles with this transverse momentum?
cfns-c120-presenter: Or are there more particles with that transfer scheme to say, plus one Gv. So, relatively speaking, we can more think of it as telling us, do we have more particles of this transverse man to be that transparent or this longitudinal fraction that launches. Actually.
cfns-c120-presenter: even if it's not well.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: I will say more about this X variable
cfns-c120-presenter: on our way upstairs.
cfns-c120-presenter: For now let you just note this X hey? Veritable. It's just actually related to kinematics.
cfns-c120-presenter: full time, and it commuted
cfns-c120-presenter: in terms of queue. This infinity variable? Yes, so just picks by things that you measure in the final state.
cfns-c120-presenter: How about the
cfns-c120-presenter: bye?
cfns-c120-presenter: And more importantly for us
cfns-c120-presenter: is to ask, How can this? Qt. Not. How can this Qt. Be? Not 0. If you imagine that the that the initial part times were colliding just like the protons, or they're just colliding along an access.
cfns-c120-presenter: And they would have transverse momentum and 0 2 right if the protons were coming in
cfns-c120-presenter: this this guy was also a head on condition there would be no transfers. Kt, and Kt. Prime would be 0,
cfns-c120-presenter: then qt. Would be 0, too.
cfns-c120-presenter: The harder for Q to be not 0. You have to have some.
cfns-c120-presenter: And the way that that can happen is that these things are inside a bound state.
cfns-c120-presenter: even if the total transverse will actually be 0. But particles inside the bound state are rattling around, and they could have some intrinsic transverse from that.
cfns-c120-presenter: and if they were intrinsic, whether it's time to run funds. There's what people meant to. I'll order the confinement scale. It's called
cfns-c120-presenter: of the proton
cfns-c120-presenter: 200. Everything.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's one way for the
cfns-c120-presenter: but there's another way.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that is that maybe before this work annihilates. Maybe it radiated a clue on
cfns-c120-presenter: final day.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that go on to carry away some. And this mark here we up to balance it. some blue on radiation, also
cfns-c120-presenter: welcome.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the go on radiation can give
cfns-c120-presenter: doesn't have to be constrained to just be the confinement. Still, it could actually be much larger on the next to check the final state.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh. a larger transverse.
cfns-c120-presenter: There is
cfns-c120-presenter: both small transverse momentum is maybe the most interesting. Some of the questions that we're trying to get at, but they're always going to be underneath this on radiation. In fact.
cfns-c120-presenter: they have to.
cfns-c120-presenter: How that happens.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Dmds, may depend on what? When it took it out. yeah, I. So it's the set of balance. I talked about the balance of transverse momentum here.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's also a balance of plus and minus components of momentum
cfns-c120-presenter: that that that's what leads to these variables being here. But I haven't explained exactly why it's that happens, and I I'll go get into it a little more in a few minutes.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. it's the point. Qt, would now almost never be 0. According to these definitions, that's true.
cfns-c120-presenter: Several effects. For why
cfns-c120-presenter: perfect?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So you want radiation sanity already included in
cfns-c120-presenter: a meeting you once. And that's how it is. Yeah. So I've defined intrinsic here to be something at the confinement scale
cfns-c120-presenter: this object, or you ask a question. This object concludes both.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. so it includes such intrinsic as well as the fact that the
cfns-c120-presenter: it's fundamental definition which we'll get to by the end of next lecture. Not today. But there's sort of 2 physical effects. one at large, transverse momentum from the influence that radiate, and if it's a large transverse momentum, I can actually calculate it.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then another one that's intrinsic, and that when I is a nonprofit, in fact, I can hope to calculate something about your lattice, but I'm not going to be able to use
cfns-c120-presenter: So actually, if I'm on top of this blackboard. It's it's It's not the lunch, you know, fraction.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's actually the longitudinal fraction of both times, plus relative to the large.
cfns-c120-presenter: Likewise
cfns-c120-presenter: like
cfns-c120-presenter: these are.
cfns-c120-presenter: We understand that when you, if you have a Q&A Q or hitting each other, that's the definition of Joel Yan is PA plus big and P minus big. Is that also a definition of drawing? It's that's just happening because of the to being in the center of mass, right?
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's made in the center of mass frame, let's say for plus Q. Z is positive.
cfns-c120-presenter: And and the fact that the overall and that it's travelling in this direction means that the on top of the hydrogen map is actually the same as it by. These are just adding the fact that we're in that frame and making a hard collision is what makes it big.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So let me go and introduce now another process for the not as what's called semi inclusive.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, I.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this is like the.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in this case we are a little less.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's because we're going to matter
cfns-c120-presenter: one additional had on in the final state.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then we allow still anything else. So the the
cfns-c120-presenter: it's just this anything. Now we have a had one here. You can think of it like apply on
cfns-c120-presenter: it could be a.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so let me draw a picture of that.
cfns-c120-presenter: We have our incoming phones on from it. There's a park. It gets struck
cfns-c120-presenter: on the virtual photon, this exchange by electron.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hmm. and this
cfns-c120-presenter: here.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then there's the struct work going out. And instead of just going out into the X. Yeah. We all ask on the process of this thing
cfns-c120-presenter: fragmenting into it. I don't.
cfns-c120-presenter: H.
cfns-c120-presenter: Of course there's some other parts of this proton.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in order for this thing it had to be a plan. We'd have to pick up another antique.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I'm
okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm on. And so there's going to be some. You want a radiation. I look for it. Okay. stop, and that everything that's not
cfns-c120-presenter: I had drawn.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this is a very useful process also for. And this process u squared is negative.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's the.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then we can use like an X variable.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's 2 other variables I've talked about.
cfns-c120-presenter: since they'll eventually be important.
cfns-c120-presenter: So why is like, how much energy does it? That's easier to think about them in the best frame and stuff on.
cfns-c120-presenter: And Q 0, it's like how much energy that is taken away by this photons. It's like the energy loss of the final state of electron is what they're describing.
cfns-c120-presenter: And if you're in that rest and you have the Hadron energy, I don't buy it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Use your own photon. So it's how much energy just have run and carry away relative to the energy that the spoke on the detective system.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, so so far, that doesn't have any.
cfns-c120-presenter: Francis. And
cfns-c120-presenter: so let's introduce introduced transverse momentum. We had to decide what the Z access was.
cfns-c120-presenter: and over here it was kind of very simple. We just
cfns-c120-presenter: enter Mouse Frame alright. for since it's a little more complicated.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to actually describe it to you 2 different ways.
cfns-c120-presenter: The first way is just to make a very direct analog.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is what people call the Hadron happen.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in this case I again choose
cfns-c120-presenter: my frame, since the transverse will mention the proton is here. Oh, just like
cfns-c120-presenter: we haven't joined them. And then I have a final state hydra, and we can choose. It's transverse to that 0 2.
cfns-c120-presenter: The difference here is that this had runs in the final state, this one schedule state. I can still choose a frame where they're back to back.
cfns-c120-presenter: and in this frame we can think about how the momentum exchange works.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I'm staring again at the just at this vertex. It's kind of simple. We have some Kt here, have some Pt. Prime
cfns-c120-presenter: here, and just with the core back to 302 Hector phantom conservation.
cfns-c120-presenter: How is this there? But
cfns-c120-presenter: it's just a difference
cfns-c120-presenter: that that's again into the saying that it's intrinsic. if there's some.
cfns-c120-presenter: then it's gonna have to come from the difference of the this port which you pulled out of the proton, and the transverse momentum of this part that went on to fragment into a had drop of 0 transparent.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's like this had to transverse momentum. Where did it go find in frame? This pi on has 0,
cfns-c120-presenter: and the place that it went is it went to the right.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's in crime
cfns-c120-presenter: that's
cfns-c120-presenter: now that frame is beloved by theorists, but not so much by experimentalists.
cfns-c120-presenter: because, you know, one of the harder things to do is measure the.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so experimentally, what's much better is use a frame that's more related to the things you can measure. Well.
cfns-c120-presenter: not the electrons. And of course, you know, going on for incoming protons. So you want to use a different frame from that frame experimentally.
cfns-c120-presenter: So kind of alternate to this frame
cfns-c120-presenter: is to use the photon instead of.
cfns-c120-presenter: So we still keep the the incoming proton
cfns-c120-presenter: that we boost and rotate it to a rent transformation to a frame where the transverse momentum of the photon is 0,
cfns-c120-presenter: and in this frame things work a little differently. Now.
cfns-c120-presenter: this guy will now have transferred to. And then that's what experimental? He was measured alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: and for the time
cfns-c120-presenter: not sure I can do it in any time, or but in that frame the conservation becomes the following, you have a non-zero hadron transverse plan.
cfns-c120-presenter: and it's given by some Pt. And some Kt, and you can think of it like this picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: Nice.
cfns-c120-presenter: There's your Phd. There's some boosted
cfns-c120-presenter: momentum for the incoming work it turns out to be and
cfns-c120-presenter: your side. and that's usually the way that people write down the cross. trying to make it more experimental, friendly.
cfns-c120-presenter: And these 2 partners are expressing physics and transit
cfns-c120-presenter: you. Do you keep trying them?
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, just because it's in a different frame. So the Pt. Prime and the Pt. Are related
cfns-c120-presenter: there.
cfns-c120-presenter: I see.
cfns-c120-presenter: very good. Thanks.
cfns-c120-presenter: So how does this measure transfer? Again? It's kind of like the story that we have.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hmm. But in this case we have a final state object.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm an initial state object.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so, instead of just having a part on distribution function. Proton. We have what's called the fragmentation.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm sorry. Given that a letter D,
cfns-c120-presenter: and then there's a momentum concerning delta functions.
cfns-c120-presenter: Second frame.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this fragmentation function is the thing that would be probing the hybridization. How does this quark? It's coming out of the produce that adron on the that's a that has a special starting transist. But
cfns-c120-presenter: and you can see that this
cfns-c120-presenter: this fragmentation of
cfns-c120-presenter: cool work.
cfns-c120-presenter: which
cfns-c120-presenter: alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: but, Jay!
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh.
cfns-c120-presenter: so it's the fragmentation of that quark. I
cfns-c120-presenter: this particular Hadron.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's driving out on page.
cfns-c120-presenter: And again, some will not momentum fraction
cfns-c120-presenter: as a longitudinal component.
cfns-c120-presenter: that transverse.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's giving you 3 dimensional picture for the fragmentation process.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so that kind of introduced me an ideas.
There's a lot of details that skipped.
cfns-c120-presenter: I like to think of this a little bit like peeling an onion
cfns-c120-presenter: I think about, I think, about taking an onion and peeling it.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I'm going to be the first layer. Yeah, you need another there out there.
cfns-c120-presenter: because, tm, these are kind of complicated objects. So that really describe to you everything is outcome with one go. So I'm going to be peeling layers of an onion.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you wonder why I picked an onion
cfns-c120-presenter: some other.
cfns-c120-presenter: Sure.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's because it's also a little painful.
cfns-c120-presenter: So we're going to dig in there by.
cfns-c120-presenter: And some of the formulas you made. I noticed that I like kind of wrote shots right? So I actually haven't described everything.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh.
on.
cfns-c120-presenter: I wanted to take a step back before we we get to.
cfns-c120-presenter: I talk about. So I'm talking to you.
cfns-c120-presenter: and there are one
cfns-c120-presenter: which, remember, is what connects and verbals to.
cfns-c120-presenter: But before I talk about T. Of these, let me talk a little bit about.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's
cfns-c120-presenter: in this class and charges lecture.
cfns-c120-presenter: But I need I. I use it in particular to introduce you to one concept which
cfns-c120-presenter: so let me think about introducing overall.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so then I'm going to get back to the I'm not measuring transaction. I'll get rid of these.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm making a measurement. Say.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't guys focus here. As I said on growing up. I've got some of these frame
cfns-c120-presenter: issues that I have in this case. It's just a little simpler because it involves just 2 partner distribution. It's not one.
cfns-c120-presenter: We'll do a lot of our calculations for Joan and then extend them. I mean, it's yeah. I ask this thing? Basically.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, so what is so the bigger factorization? I've been all the authority.
cfns-c120-presenter: There is a longitudinal distribution function.
cfns-c120-presenter: No. I.
cfns-c120-presenter: And as we are talking about part of the model. It can be described 2 parts.
cfns-c120-presenter: which I will describe here as
cfns-c120-presenter: scattering of.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then some partner distribution functions to tell me the probability of finding important particular fraction.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now there's this additional variable mute. and that's it's called the I'll describe to you in picture.
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: in this picture I've got these integrals, and they say that the external momentum, remember X A and Xp were related to the photons, kinematics.
cfns-c120-presenter: the those X A and Xp. Are not
cfns-c120-presenter: I just to see a this evening at lost order in this thing? They are. So there's no
cfns-c120-presenter: go on radiation, no problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: And and this goes behind the picture when we say they were like
cfns-c120-presenter: that. The this dark and X variable is the variable. That's Pdf is just directly measuring. That's that's too.
cfns-c120-presenter: And beyond tree level you get these intervals for the cassi variables. They're inside these parking to sufficient functions can be bigger than the.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't want to explain to you why that I can happen
cfns-c120-presenter: so. Ca, could be greater than X a. If the following.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's really due to the fact that there's blue on radiation.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in fact, there's 2 sales in this problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: So let me do the following, let me draw the process as follows, I mean how all right
cfns-c120-presenter: you plus be minus there. But I'll I'll loop it up and draw what's called the forward scattering diagram, which is the way of drawing the Amplitude River. We're doing quantum mechanical
cfns-c120-presenter: great bottom here, so probabilities are amplitude squared.
cfns-c120-presenter: and one way of drawing an amplitude squared is to draw these kind of what are called cut diagrams. You've got the amplitude on the left. and you've got the complex con. You get out with you on the right.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then you. When you draw this picture, you sort of multiply them together.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this green line here is the final state, and then
cfns-c120-presenter: this is what we can
cfns-c120-presenter: or right amplitude on the
cfns-c120-presenter: alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. But I want to use this type of picture to explain to you what's going on.
cfns-c120-presenter: If I had blue on radiation into the final stage.
cfns-c120-presenter: I have the following happen.
cfns-c120-presenter: I really need some to on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, that's a process that that can happen, but it can kind of happen at 2 different scales.
cfns-c120-presenter: It could be that this blue on has a very large energy. This could be at the scale queue. or it could be that this blue one has a very small energy. very small.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then it would be at the scale of these external particles.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's still in blue on the.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the process actually divides itself up to 2 different things happening.
cfns-c120-presenter: one where the go on as it has large energy is one where it has small energy.
cfns-c120-presenter: The one where it has small energy is actually part of the partner distribution function. and the one which shows large energy is actually part of this option
cfns-c120-presenter: here.
cfns-c120-presenter: I
cfns-c120-presenter: now this picture here, if we have some initial part fraction the Ca, and this splitting happens, we can go to to have some different fraction that actually enters the hard interaction there.
cfns-c120-presenter: and we from measuring the proton kinematics. We know that that's X a.
cfns-c120-presenter: So the final thing is X a. But the initial thing doesn't have to be the final state. And because this one can take off something that you can take on this.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's why this.
cfns-c120-presenter: And if you, if this is a real one, it's going to say the C. A. Minus actually should be positive. And that's what we' to see. I'm being bigger than access. just because there's some positive energy on that, because it's final state.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like what happens to the intermediate energy. Go on, or they just not there.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm only drawing one, you and I can draw more, I and there's many more gluons in general in the problem. We're just doing the simplest possible thing.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright. Why did you put the
cfns-c120-presenter: that's here that this right? So kind of have round of rooms.
cfns-c120-presenter: I remember that right?
cfns-c120-presenter: So why, 2 diagrams.
cfns-c120-presenter: The way that you should think about it is that this diagram has invariant passes. They're about some cut off.
cfns-c120-presenter: And this diagram is invariant masses there below that cut off.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so there was this normalization scale factorization scale and kind of like a cut off that showed up in the problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: and it appears both in these part time distribution functions
cfns-c120-presenter: as well as this cross section. Short, what you would call short distance cross-section or hard cross section
cfns-c120-presenter: so short distance
cfns-c120-presenter: you can think of it. It's like the invariant app is above some value.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then that physics, including those who got stuff into this piece. But if for the small momentum.
cfns-c120-presenter: so in this process, with this 1 one level, it's kind of like taking that formula and expanding it out on blue on
cfns-c120-presenter: I this picture here it's like you have
cfns-c120-presenter: the Sigma at.
cfns-c120-presenter: hey? At one move.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then these part time distribution functions. You just have a tree level.
cfns-c120-presenter: the one who I went into this
cfns-c120-presenter: and over here you've got the Pre level process instead.
cfns-c120-presenter: 1 one inside the F,
cfns-c120-presenter: so that's why there's 2 diagrams that have a one good correction here or far along the correction here and full diagram
cfns-c120-presenter: you.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's just a full go on and and no restrictions on it, so that would stay off. it's split into 2 parts
cfns-c120-presenter: that happens because of the expansion of queue.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hmm.
cfns-c120-presenter: So let me understand correctly. Statement here that if you want to expand all this, I mean.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the in terms are these diagonals is where kinematics is with this particular ratio of Romanta. And if we expand further them, maybe we'll find, because this other.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this particular diagram, because he has this interpretation, but, like this formula, is completely general, includes any number of it's just that my my example.
cfns-c120-presenter: or even if there's more radiation still fix into this formula
pretty fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: One glue, one is only allowed to have one of 2. There's a whole region of I divided it like, I think about P spread is line right?
cfns-c120-presenter: It has any values.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I just put one cut off. And I said, the the the part of this meeting functions again here on the short distance. Cross section here. Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay. So there's still something else that you should ask, though. and that is. why are there 2 Pdfs as I could have? It's process I can. How much more I go like this
cfns-c120-presenter: reading fine. And, Jack.
cfns-c120-presenter: and if that happens it would be a glue on this exchange between this and this, and they wouldn't be in.
cfns-c120-presenter: Something has to be happening to forbid that.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so what's actually happening?
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: what's actually happening is the following, and let me again.
cfns-c120-presenter: So when we take this picture, and we ask.
cfns-c120-presenter: What does this one look like. Well, if this go on is sort of a blue one that was moving along inside the proton, I.
cfns-c120-presenter: And when it talks to J, there's going to be something that happens. That's because it doesn't. It's actually cause it to not really see the full structure of J.
cfns-c120-presenter: It only like sees the overall color structure of James.
cfns-c120-presenter: a certain color charge. But it doesn't see the in in internal dynamics. And so what happens is the following.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's a I with it with the ones in the fork. I look at J. They see what's called a Wilson.
cfns-c120-presenter: and when the your 4 and J. Look at work, I. They also see a Nelson.
cfns-c120-presenter: So there is a decoupling cause.
cfns-c120-presenter: This article here is seen by this blue on as if it's a
cfns-c120-presenter: and there will some lines a much, much simpler object than a dynamical off bag of parks, and just a very simple object.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hmm! Well, that happens in the last like
cfns-c120-presenter: this. This is the ones that think they're attached to a also of mine, these ones they're they're touching with mine.
cfns-c120-presenter: Alright.
cfns-c120-presenter: very bad.
cfns-c120-presenter: all right. I'm going to hmm.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the same thing happens on the other side.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so then, if I group the I parts together from the 2 sides that gives me a part on distribution function.
cfns-c120-presenter: So these 2 sides are. And then if I take the other 2, and
cfns-c120-presenter: that's how that's why there's a factorization between these 2 these 2 and one like that. It's not spoiling the
cfns-c120-presenter: having these 2 separate parts and distribution.
cfns-c120-presenter: Now, in the end of the day, what that leads to
cfns-c120-presenter: it needs to kind of short distance.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then, if I take these parts and really group them together.
cfns-c120-presenter: I take the Ipart group together.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I take the J. Parts together.
cfns-c120-presenter: and they're they're just attached together by it.
cfns-c120-presenter: And you may remember in George's lectures that there was pork bills in 2 different clients
cfns-c120-presenter: here.
cfns-c120-presenter: They're touched together by a well. It's fine to make an overall gauge in their own object.
cfns-c120-presenter: but the physics of the wells of mine was like it. It was how the other quark looked like. It's
cfns-c120-presenter: sometimes it's called.
cfns-c120-presenter: I realized that this last little bit has been a little bit fast.
cfns-c120-presenter: and so I, in my notes, posted an exercise for you to actually understand this. This is another page of my not going to go through, but in that exercise. If you go through that exercise, you will actually literally do this. This type of calculation.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so the exercise is exactly set up. Just a tree level climbing diagram annihilation.
cfns-c120-presenter: And we're gonna I tell you, in the notes how to set up the expansion. and I for you to take a glue on me.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? And
cfns-c120-presenter: and came back and sort of the same scaling on momentum
cfns-c120-presenter: and different scaling
cfns-c120-presenter: momentum.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's something that we lot of energy traveling in this direction.
cfns-c120-presenter: and maybe small fluctuations relative to that direction.
It is, and the pi is the other way.
cfns-c120-presenter: all fluctuations.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so in the in the lecture. You see this exercise spelled out, and you'll see that if you expand this Feynman diagram
cfns-c120-presenter: and this propagator here and this is the propagator. It's like this blue on. It's not attached to that. But to the most of
okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: this back is actually, even though I'm drawing it for this simple diagram to for any number of
cfns-c120-presenter: all, there is a radiation side here I can attach more blue on. and this idea that there's a single well, some line remains true. Even I had more.
cfns-c120-presenter: And this and I know, if I now do this or does it depend on yeah, here it's a fundamental, because it's attaching to work.
cfns-c120-presenter: and in general it will be in the representation of this object of here
cfns-c120-presenter: the object here.
cfns-c120-presenter: It seemed
cfns-c120-presenter: so. If I was attaching a cork, and it's like scattering important to go on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then I would get this guy that I would get a fundamental, most line his direction and go out, and I would get an accident in his threshold.
cfns-c120-presenter: Here they just both on channels. but because there's going to be.
cfns-c120-presenter: they're send to the I if I attach them.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's the opposite way. I also get a fine, and that's why there's like
cfns-c120-presenter: most of the most
cfns-c120-presenter: that that I so that's so interesting. What about the final state, like the representations you exchange a Google one, you can either just stay in the fundamental reps, or you could transform into an antique fundamental, just the Wilson Line picture still work. It still works. The rules. Alignments are fundamental and active, fundamental or just a lot of conjugations. Those ones are so complicated. And we're just following the representations
cfns-c120-presenter: of the particles that they are attaching to in order to make sure that all the indices work out right way here, you said. I've Mark
cfns-c120-presenter: and a quark. And you think of this fundamental line. If you're thinking of this antique, you think of it as an anti fundamental traveling
cfns-c120-presenter: fundamental traveling backwards. There's relations like that. The representations, the pillar representations, are just exactly sort of what it is needed to make the
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, so let me actually write down
cfns-c120-presenter: this object some.
cfns-c120-presenter: And what is it? It's a password or an exponential pathway. Because this is actually 3. You see, the
cfns-c120-presenter: that means that there's some color matrices, and we have to decide and what it is to multiply them.
cfns-c120-presenter: This just means multiply
cfns-c120-presenter: other matrices along the path
cfns-c120-presenter: this thing out.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then this blue on just gets integrated along the path. Which sort of means you pictures, you can
cfns-c120-presenter: some color representation.
cfns-c120-presenter: It has very nice properties under gauge transformation.
cfns-c120-presenter: there is here. it just.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's what cancels out the
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. So I think I've gone a little bit over up there.
cfns-c120-presenter: Come back and talk about few of these.
cfns-c120-presenter: Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I'm really confused. Can I ask? My understanding of factorization? Was that
cfns-c120-presenter: the so of the proxy. So
cfns-c120-presenter: he said, when when Qt. Exchanged as we when the transverse momentum exchange between I and J is very large.
cfns-c120-presenter: then soft approximation breaks down, and and that only comes back if you don't measure. Qt.
cfns-c120-presenter: this was my understanding. You're exactly seeing kind of something that I will talk about at the beginning of next lecture.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, so like, so far, I'm doing it only for theation integrated over all transverse momentum. So I wouldn't talk to you about it, and when I reintroduce it differential, I think I will directly address
cfns-c120-presenter: you're asking. We'll do that at the beginning of last lecture.
cfns-c120-presenter: But happy to talk to you about it afterwards. If you can't wait
cfns-c120-presenter: experimental, observable, like, could you distinguish whether you started out with this? Will some line picture, whether you started out with a true Qcd diet, or an anti fundamental rep versus just 2 perks exchanging of blue on
cfns-c120-presenter: not really that question, but kind of a related question we will deal with, and that is, associated to the fact that they, whether these most of lines are incoming or outgoing, that is something that experimentally access.
cfns-c120-presenter: They're awesome. But the fact that they're they're funded that they're in this particular color representation and that they separate really just coming from the kinematics. Kinematics is what's driving, expanding this propagator out, and then I mean looking like a else in line. And then the the fact that it has to be in a particular representation order for color to work out
cfns-c120-presenter: what drives it into the.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you don't have a lot of fear.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: right? This is doing for the break. Then we have house numbers.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's let's go ahead and break until quarter of and a quarter of we'll start the start the tutorial since I have a nice coffee break
cfns-c120-presenter: 20 min.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: So Carla was checking on that. She her office.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to say.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, until you start talking about things like good things like, I think for these type of measurements. They're semi-inclusive, for we start just measuring the National.
cfns-c120-presenter: And this this Commission will not as I go.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. because it's it's classic. And yeah. So you're always integrating how like what you think about it.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it it is harder to show that it you can cancel when you have measurements of trust. I guess the proof is a little different when you have transparent. And where does one line thing where you're using columns is okay? I think so. Not in the original. Css is kind of there. But it's not as direct.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm I'm here. Blenon's current. Very good, that's all. I I think the answer is, no, but this and Gp is they also use? Xi prime. It is related to the X. Okay, I was pretty sure right, I know, but it seems suspicious. That's there'll be so many letters in the great
cfns-c120-presenter: if you want to.
cfns-c120-presenter: I guess. Yeah, sort of. I think that's one resource I also talked about in my effect. It's it's exercise that I give you the first way to get into it, like.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not. Yeah. I have lectures. I don't require spare, but they're also
cfns-c120-presenter: they're in edx as well.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm not sure if anything here is. So
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, I I guess it's it's we will not have our cards.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, it's not yet. There, it's not yet. There.
cfns-c120-presenter: thank you for your
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. Thanks again.
cfns-c120-presenter: And if you're able to join us to see what it yeah. Well, I come from there. We don't want to overvote them, but just just have a little and schedule kind of think about it, and also have to know each other. Yeah, I'll try to come to in 7, 30 years, most of my time. That was so. I figure out the dishes. I haven't seen the what do you think about it? Kind of like if you boost your
cfns-c120-presenter: if you boost into a frame, or that like one set of particles with soft, and the other was sort of, you know, ultra-colinear. Yeah. And you can think about it kind of a soft most of that frame, and then boost back. That would make it more kind of like
cfns-c120-presenter: icono approximation for soft particles. but
cfns-c120-presenter: it's it's
cfns-c120-presenter: you get some caffeine.
cfns-c120-presenter: Hi.
cfns-c120-presenter: sure.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, you'd also have a most of line. That's what we're yeah. So it's the same type of thing. But now it's like the incoming quark and the outgoing quark.
cfns-c120-presenter: So instead of like having the Qq. Bar pair annihilate. You've got the incoming quark and the outgoing Clark, and they actually a very different kinematics account.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so if it's again, if you like the incoming ones blue ons try to attach to the outlook and quark after it'd be struck.
cfns-c120-presenter: It looks like a Wilson line.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? And if vice versa, the outgoing quark and it's law on. Try to attack like the fragmenting court, it's lawns. Try to attach to the incoming Clark. It looks like a muscle. It's kind of just the tilt, you know. Tilt 2 of the particles. It's the final state in my diagrams, and that's
cfns-c120-presenter: from the podium. So you see here, it has it here, and just tilting one. It's just not quite inverse, plus you might have that. I didn't want more inverse. But all the plus and minus the 2 Hadrons.
cfns-c120-presenter: but just like chelting, one of the had runs from initial to final, the others. And now we all.
cfns-c120-presenter: so that that it's what changes, though.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So I've written up like, you know, there was also this kind of exercise. It gives a lot more words than what the best one. And so it will trick. Explain the apple's access to you, and I can start you off one step for you to.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's because, there's a there's a tracks.
cfns-c120-presenter: kind of it's all leading twist. So, but that's that you're dropping in that expansion, and they have like the plus thought that I thought, I'm getting I'm getting I'm getting, and the higher order terms would still be twist. Absolutely.
cfns-c120-presenter: We. So this year
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm very happy then,
cfns-c120-presenter: if it's all meeting like the well, so the appearance of the Wilson line is beating twist. Some of the colleagues come here and actually change the Wilson line operator.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then
cfns-c120-presenter: is he
cfns-c120-presenter: you can integrate with X to the end only is X to the end is like A.
cfns-c120-presenter: So you actually, by taking moments, you get back by students. They work fields and derivatives, fork, field, sound disk. And so you need to. You need a whole one to one. I have it each other exactly so that that we wrap up like you get a whole bunch of, because the momentum fractions like in one like con direction.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like 2 plus. And
cfns-c120-presenter: so in the plus direction, they're getting a whole bunch of teams. So you get court fields d plus to the end of power. Quark view the fact that all the indices of the D is the current derivative of the same. They're all plus.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like projecting onto symmetric
cfns-c120-presenter: representations. Highest spin
cfns-c120-presenter: for a given dimension. That's what makes it.
cfns-c120-presenter: if you resum all the twist
cfns-c120-presenter: that it? Then you don't like.
cfns-c120-presenter: there's always plug gonna be plus dot.in my formulas right? And summing all the twist
cfns-c120-presenter: into you haven't expanded.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? Sure.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So no one knows how to some, all the twist right? Like, you need to make some approximations
cfns-c120-presenter: process. It's complicated.
cfns-c120-presenter: and the approximation that sort of leads to these independent partner distribution functions.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's just the type of expansion I was talking about like kinematics. 2 things they're colliding and expanding.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. So
cfns-c120-presenter: like, sometimes people talk about all this in context, me doing some other type of expansion. Another type of expansion
cfns-c120-presenter: like, say, small expansion, that other type of expansion includes, not just leading to the sub leading twist, but still under some approximations.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. So there's other to like, I, I describing Lambda, Qcd, being much more right. And that's
cfns-c120-presenter: that expansion. That's why it's twist expansion that you're talking about. I prefer to think of it. It's just too much bigger and a lot more definite than the twist, and it actually is more general than the twist even in in this twist language breaks down. I'm just thinking about that expansion.
cfns-c120-presenter: Break down
cfns-c120-presenter: but we can call it for this process kind of like a twist.
cfns-c120-presenter: But it's not the only sort of approximation in my head, you might say, like, I'm only interested in very small X A and Xb.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's a very different region. It has a different type of expansion, and it's orthogonal in some ways this expansion. And therefore you can talk now about like all the risks.
cfns-c120-presenter: Kind of like, what? You said.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah. You can think of it as like 2 in taxes. Right?
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, let me see if it will tell us what what what do you need? Oh, I I think it's I think it's already loaded. Okay, so that to be exploded, it's also a touch screen. But we did things into it. It's not that as touched through that as long as this can forward. And
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm gonna I'm gonna do a schedule intro for him. I don't know but it's this will do. I guess we'll do
cfns-c120-presenter: so. So so you see, even if I person that. And this is your hard laser pointer. Yeah. But if you want to be
cfns-c120-presenter: oh, that's that, that that that could be like this, or this also flips. Well, it would.
cfns-c120-presenter: How fancy not many people are one. It's just, I think, that. And you'll have a a talking camera. Yeah. So you and the speakers here, you can just
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, functionally, this this doesn't work. But if you need to type something or or most cursor, something. The control is open. So
cfns-c120-presenter: is it. HDMI. This is the HDMI out. But this is the HDMI, so like really get into a jam, and I need to type something. I can also grab my laptop
cfns-c120-presenter: that they do have zoom in. That would be. And then I, you guys, you can. You can. Yeah, I don't. I don't know. But let me grab it. Just say graft in case there's you know how. Sometimes it's like to come out.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, I think of the
cfns-c120-presenter: really a good idea if you can zoom in in addition to if it comes to that like, I said. If it comes to that it'll take a couple of minutes.
cfns-c120-presenter: You. You'll also have your extra spacing.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll just something here.
And
cfns-c120-presenter: I shouldn't need it. But if something happens
cfns-c120-presenter: what I remember, you had a this big style of the story behind that one. I still actually technically have it.
cfns-c120-presenter: I went spilled lots of wine all over, and I needed to get a for replacement, but they wouldn't ship to the us, so I sent it to Peter Poly here. Well, the Uk. And he shipped it to me. Yeah. And they replaced it, and it worked. And then I went. I to change a couple of their parts, that
cfns-c120-presenter: the external screens are fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's it's apparently there's like a passenger that is somewhere on the
cfns-c120-presenter: the chain again. I my, that one I use. I have a
cfns-c120-presenter: it's got an option. Oh, yeah, that's nice, like it's not, it's it's it's it's it's it's it's not, it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's, it's, it's it's, it's, it's, it's it's, it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it'
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, so
cfns-c120-presenter: not not like right now.
cfns-c120-presenter: I like.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay.
yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: the next
cfns-c120-presenter: on the
it sounds fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's good. Alright. So what was our you would take our throw in today today, today is going to be just
cfns-c120-presenter: lessons that we should care about ourselves for a while.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right.
cfns-c120-presenter: right?
cfns-c120-presenter: I see.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, there. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I just need to say, I just need to.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. So before we get started, let's talk about a few of the schedule details. So we've updated the web page. The few things see here in in particular, you might be interested the local Wolfi car restaurants, at least the ones I
cfns-c120-presenter: verified her on there, and few other things. Just want to go through this first of all on the schedule. So you'll see the last lecture of every day Monday through Thursdays in tutorial.
cfns-c120-presenter: And so we've dominantly slated that for an hour. But that's flexible. So if you you know, finish in an hour, and so a good great go outside whatever. But if you want to dig in a little bit, or expand, or try something else, or work with it. it's open until dinner, so there's no hard cut off. If you saw with bunch of schedules flexible, we we adjust we so it's purposely at the end, because you can. You can dig as much as you want
cfns-c120-presenter: and and get into it. And there's no time limit. Here we have this room all day
cfns-c120-presenter: also. this evening. we'll wander over cross road tracks for dinner, where there's a bit more bit more options, and so I will. I'll leave here. I will walk things up here at 5, 30 and head that way. If you want to leave your things here. We'll lock the room. You want to leave early. I can lock them across all. Just CD, and then, if you you know, we come back at 7 30. You can up your laptop
cfns-c120-presenter: and look at the slides and go through the discussion questions, and then we'll be back here at 7, 30 and the original schedule at 2 h again. This is flexible. But the point is, we have no format.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's just for you to sit down. We're gonna divide you up in groups and talk about the lectures a little bit, but also get to know each other. as I've mentioned, this is your your future colleagues. So it's good to get to know people and find out what they're doing, different experiments working on. So we have snacks, cookies, apples, other things
cfns-c120-presenter: just sit here. Relax. because we can't use food in this room. We're gonna scatter across some other rooms. But that way you can sit, relax, have a snack.
cfns-c120-presenter: and talk physics a little bit So if you look on the oops here, briefly, I put this together. I think these are the restaurants that take the wealthy card that are across the railroad tracks. So there's Domino's pizza Jersey mic subs a lot of food and the organic crush
cfns-c120-presenter: all this like the buffy card. There are other restaurants, the Vietnamese. So it's very nice, but unfortunately they don't. So you know, go and enjoy and then we'll come back at 7, 30. And here are discussion questions that various put down you do not have to answer all of these, but these are just to get the discussion started.
cfns-c120-presenter: and so take a look, you know. Consider a look at some of the questions from each of the lectures the slides are online. Go and discuss, and we'll have some of the lectures kind of floating around between the groups so you could, you know, dig into a bit, then pull over one of the lectures and ask them what they think. And then over here. which group do you go in
cfns-c120-presenter: if you look at the list of participants for Monday? I just 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and Tuesday. I randomized it. But we'll divide up in the 6 groups
cfns-c120-presenter: 6 groups that'll be about 6 in the group. So it's small enough. So hopefully, you can get good interactions. And then again, the lectures come and float between the groups. And you know, if it goes for 45 min or something like that, and you saturate, that's fine. Wander off, and if you go longer that's good, too. We don't want to overload you, but it's just chance to kind of get to get associated with after dinner catch up a little bit and dig into physics. So that's the schedule. there any other questions, comments or suggestions?
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, in that case I will let the you convert it back to the thing. We'll turn it over to our our tutorial
cfns-c120-presenter: right, and also during during this school. If you need to have a meeting, if you want to write an email, we will help some of the rooms from there in particular. Room 114 will be the main. I'll just open it up in the morning, and then
cfns-c120-presenter: it's so you're welcome to use it as well to reach. Have a meeting, all right. So let's switch gears. I can show his promise. We're going to have AI machine learning tutorials.
cfns-c120-presenter: They are going to be given by Thomas. So from Jerusalem.
cfns-c120-presenter: What was your
cfns-c120-presenter: so for that dive into this? I will also do a show of hands.
cfns-c120-presenter: How many people, when they hear python.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think not staying.
cfns-c120-presenter: but a programming language.
cfns-c120-presenter: How many people are familiar with python. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay? So we thought about everybody. Good. Good. one of the difficulties of an approaching aiml is, it's one of these like
cfns-c120-presenter: cumulative subject matter.
cfns-c120-presenter: You really can't do machine learning application wise if you don't also know programming. I recently got back into astronomy, and it's very similar. I get to combine the expenses of 2 2 2 hobbies.
cfns-c120-presenter: astronomy and photography, if I want to share pictures of what I see so very much similar vein here. So for those that don't know me, I am an experimentalist. I got my Phd. With the Icb. did amplitude analysis. I did a postdoc with blue X at Jefferson lab
cfns-c120-presenter: and there. This is where I developed most of my projects I still maintain today, and where I actually
cfns-c120-presenter: 2 of my applications of AI are deployed at. I'm currently staff scientists, Jefferson Lab. And the key is, I think I got to do this because I've actually developed several projects to utilize AI machine learning.
cfns-c120-presenter: But specifically, with an aim of deployment. I'm one of those. I'm I'm an experimentalist.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't want to just pontificate about what AI can do on simulated data. I want a self driving car. I want the car to drive itself, not think about what might happen. I'm I'm not a formally trained data scientist.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? But we all kind of harm.
cfns-c120-presenter: right? Because we all take data. And then we try to interpret the data. And that's what I'm doing. So we're all. We're all
cfns-c120-presenter: data scientists. Really.
cfns-c120-presenter: So, AI is is a really big buzzword. if then, statements. Technically.
cfns-c120-presenter: AI, right? If it's raining, get an umbrella.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's AI right? what we really need is machine learning.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that opens up a lot of a lot of fanciful things. So I took a bit of everybody here wants to take over the world.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, maybe not that
cfns-c120-presenter: you have some particular problems.
cfns-c120-presenter: And these problems typically are 2 complex. And by 2 complex, I mean, tied highly dimensional.
cfns-c120-presenter: I had about 5 dimensions. And okay, I have a breathing ball that's changing colors.
cfns-c120-presenter: I can do about 5. Then it breaks down. If I have a thousand dimensions I can't do it. You probably can't do it either. That's what I mean by too complex these problems might also not be well modeled model. There may be no analytic solution.
cfns-c120-presenter: You're trying to find the optimum. Whatever fuzzy definition of optimum there is. Or maybe it's not feasible. Maybe there's just too much data. Nobody has time to look at it.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, for example, coming up with an an analytic solution on all of the people who watch Netflix, what they might want to watch
cfns-c120-presenter: that could take a lot of expertise a lot of time
cfns-c120-presenter: it. It costs too much. Well, maybe we can use machine learning to just kind of short circuit that that problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then the biggest one, at least for me.
cfns-c120-presenter: I am very, very lazy. I will work so hard not to have to work again.
cfns-c120-presenter: so maybe maybe it's a repetitive problem. Oh, boy, I have to get up at 5 Am. And look at a kind of plots to figure out if there's something going wrong with the detector system.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't like getting up at 5 am. I'm looking at hundreds of plots. Maybe I can use a machine to do that for me.
cfns-c120-presenter: usually this gets kind of modified with this idea of modifications and a repetitive theme. So
cfns-c120-presenter: doing. Dishes who loves doing dishes. Okay, you're weird, no, I so
cfns-c120-presenter: when you when you do dishes right? You know what a clean dish looks like.
cfns-c120-presenter: but you can't orient the dish the same way to have a robotic arm, give it an optimal cleaning every time
cfns-c120-presenter: analytically, you need to do something that says, I know what a thing just looks like, and how to adjust my motions to properly scrub the dish. That's machine learning.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I I sat there thinking, oh, boy, bunch of people different levels. how am I? What you like? Teach? How do I start? This? 4 h is not enough time to to do this this whole field justice, I need to spend your whole life on one little corner of it, like with physics. So I asked Chat Gpt.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I said, introduce introduced to
cfns-c120-presenter: bunch of physics, grad students. introduce artificial intelligence and machine learning. And this I won't read this. I'm not that cruel this is what it's fat back. I literally copy and paste it.
cfns-c120-presenter: In fact, fun fact. This image of the robot is AI generated.
cfns-c120-presenter: and you can tell because it has eyes for years.
cfns-c120-presenter: So that that's one way you can tell. So I I said, Okay, thanks. Thanks.
cfns-c120-presenter: Definitely helpful, I suppose. But where should we begin
cfns-c120-presenter: right? What should I start with this first? Yeah, yes, I know that this no, this might be. Actually, I didn't purposely choose an AI generated. this is this is represent data science. Then you're trying to take a winding path and it you can get to the top of here. And you're not anywhere from your close to the top. So So what should you learn first
cfns-c120-presenter: and chat? Tpt, said this.
cfns-c120-presenter: and I want to point out.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a complex, rapidly evolving field, with many different algorithm techniques and framework to choose from. It can be overwhelming to try to learn everything at once that start by focusing on basics, linear algebra, calculus probability theory and statistics.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, that's totally true. That does not sound like fun. To me.
cfns-c120-presenter: It'd be fun. But we've seen a lot of math.
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe there's a better way.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I took a page out of my childhood for those that don't know. This is a beloved cartoon character named Miss Frizzle, who has a tagline in a show called Magic School Bus. Take chances, make mistakes, and get messy.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm an experimentalist. This sounds this sounds like a lot more fun. if you don't know this, you can. Youtube. all the old episodes. this inform my child. So
cfns-c120-presenter: disclaimer boring stuff before we start. It is very large. The topic of machine learning is volumes. I'm never going to be able to do it justice in 4 h, let alone 40 h.
cfns-c120-presenter: And even then I probably wouldn't have done the justice. It's very complex. If you get confused by applications and methods. That's normal. It's natural. It's okay. And it's rapidly changing.
cfns-c120-presenter: when I started learning, it's better now, it's still not perfect. But when I started learning A few years ago I struggled to get anything to work.
cfns-c120-presenter: Why? Because they used a version of tensorflow that was out last week, and they updated it, and now it no longer works like it was changing so quickly that the things that I learned from one week to another
cfns-c120-presenter: we're different or wrong. So what I'm going to try to do
cfns-c120-presenter: is is give a a little bit of a dip in the shallow of a new pool. So this idea of.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a big field. How should I begin? Let me start taking steps. So I can go online. I can start looking at articles and going. I remember those keywords. There are some foundational concepts which I'm going to try and hopefully get you guys to to see. And you can take back to your home institutions and your own problems, and be as lazy as I am. so 2 rules
cfns-c120-presenter: be willing to be wrong. Rule 0. it's not really a realm for for ego. You don't know what the data is telling you. It's trying to tell you something. What you are assuming might be wrong. rule one is, know your data.
cfns-c120-presenter: No, your name. So I have to. I have to do this. I'm sorry. What is a I. M. L.
cfns-c120-presenter: This. I love this diagram because it it really highlights the 3 main thrust of of machine learning, and that is unsupervised, supervised, and other called reinforcement learning
cfns-c120-presenter: reinforcement. Learning is like, you're training an animal. When you when you do my command, I'm gonna give you a cookie.
cfns-c120-presenter: and if you don't do it correctly. I'm going to punish you. No animal cruelty here, but
cfns-c120-presenter: that's the idea of reinforcement. So game ais real time decision making, you know, teaching A AI to play Mario and hop at the right time. That's reward punishment. Kind of game our thing. Unsupervised learning is clustering encoding, decoding dimensionality, reduction. so meaningful compression. this is.
cfns-c120-presenter: I can't provide you experts label or a good reward punishment
cfns-c120-presenter: for Netflix viewers. But maybe there's commonalities I can find in the data, and I can cluster them and then apply decisions to those clusters. The far easier problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: We're going to focus on Supervisor
cfns-c120-presenter: for 2 main reasons. Reason one. It is the easiest, in my opinion, to get started with.
cfns-c120-presenter: It also tends to be the most accurate. And I I'm putting that in quotation to be the more accurate one because you're you're judging yourself against the best known method.
cfns-c120-presenter: not against the perfect method.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's a little easier to to be right. and this has 2 branches which you'll find very common in physics regression, getting a number out numbers out, and classifications which would be like cats and dogs or for my project. This detector is performing good.
cfns-c120-presenter: This detector is performing bad so that's that's all in supervised learning.
cfns-c120-presenter: and this also is Our babies tend to learn. So this is is almost 7 now. But this is an old picture. This is my son being read to by my mother.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I remember one day I went on, I think it was because Reddit has a you know, 2 baby animals, and he wanted to see animals. And they worked on TV. And so like, I, you know, work And I started asking him like, what's this? He's a dog. And I'm like, Yeah, he's like, What's this? There I go. What's this? And he goes dog. And I'm like, no, that's a cat
cfns-c120-presenter: because he doesn't know but I'm supervising. I'm giving them the proper labels, cats, and dogs, and every time we go through the book every time through the book.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's called an epoch. Remember that word epoch. Okay, once through all the data
cfns-c120-presenter: epoch.
cfns-c120-presenter: And after enough epochs I could give them novel pictures, and he would go. That's a that's dog. And I'd be like
cfns-c120-presenter: you learn something that's literally what people do. So again, it makes it easier for me to understand. So what's the major parts? How are we going to actually accomplish this? Well, we have some data.
cfns-c120-presenter: and we're going to feed it to this black box called a model. Not all Ml. Solutions are black boxes.
cfns-c120-presenter: but a stereotype is that they are, and we'll be dealing with the ones that are because they're fun. I like emerging properties. So we have a model that's taking in that data. And it needs to provide some output.
cfns-c120-presenter: And because we're doing supervised. We need to compute something called a loss. we'll deal with this in just a little bit
cfns-c120-presenter: and more. T
cfns-c120-presenter: and from this loss we can do something called back propagation, which is updating our model
cfns-c120-presenter: to be better, to decrease our loss again once through the data is Nepal. So we go through the data. we compute our loss on that data.
cfns-c120-presenter: We use that loss to back, propagate which is literally gradient, like
cfns-c120-presenter: one of the methods of stochastic gradient to send is gradient descent. trying to go light on the map viewers through the map for us. So the loss function actually ends up being utterly key. And this is really the mathematical way of telling an AI what to learn
cfns-c120-presenter: you for that for the plot you had in the last.
cfns-c120-presenter: What your son is model is dog the model that your son had in his mind like, where does how does that, my my son's brain. So in in this
cfns-c120-presenter: and this analogy. the neural net is somewhere in here in this region, and
cfns-c120-presenter: it's not learning. He is learning an abstraction of what a dog is right. He's not memorizing every possible dog, so he is learning. The model is, I know what properties I can abstract from the image given to classify.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's the model. It's the neural net. It's the. It's the thing that's driving the decision, making others progression or or classification, or telling Mario to jump. That's the lot. And the output is don't yeah. In this case, in this case the output would be dog or cat
cfns-c120-presenter: or I'm or I'm gonna go take an app. which? yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: for regression. It might just be a number. you know, 3.8, and that that's your output.
cfns-c120-presenter: But in either case we did. You comment on the loss of by pro provocation?
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. When you say common on the lock. That propagation. yes, I actually have. I don't.
cfns-c120-presenter: I think I have the end of this talk. You can get them to the
cfns-c120-presenter: the the math of it. Essentially, you can look at the change.
cfns-c120-presenter: Actually, you know what I'm gonna say, hold on to that question, for, like 4 more slides, it'll be a lot easier. I have some stuff I can point at and gr up, so that'll be better. So you can explain it in terms of cat dog, and you saying no to Cat, I will do my best. There will be some app, and sorry. There'll be a little bit of math, but we'll make it through before dinner. Then you can go to a place that has beer, and everything will be so. What is the loss function?
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's really key that you get the right loss function because it's telling the AI the model what it should learn. So I have this really more of an example, if your metric of success is a lack of cancer progression after 3 months, then if I terminate the patients, the cancer won't progress. I've solved the problem.
cfns-c120-presenter: the the other morbid joke I make with the with the cancer. It's really easy to kill or or destroy cancer. It's keeping the patient alive. That's the problem. so this would be an example of a bad loss function.
cfns-c120-presenter: no cancer progression. Because an AI who has no sense of morality or or anything. It's just like, Okay, I, And there's been some stories in the news recently about war games involving AI, and it buts up against this, this idea of not quite the right loss function, and I do not want to trivialize this. Sometimes it's very difficult to get the right loss function.
cfns-c120-presenter: so you have to travel the time and then you need to know your data
cfns-c120-presenter: before you. You explore
cfns-c120-presenter: anything. You really should explore your data. You need to to to know your data. the representation of that data is dependent upon the goals you have the techniques you're going to use. And the data itself. If you're using caps and dog pictures.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's a different representation of data than the string of pixel values
cfns-c120-presenter: which would be less helpful to teach my son with right at the. It's not a good representation for what I'm trying to teach him. if you need relative geometric locations.
cfns-c120-presenter: The detector part here versus here. You may want to keep it as an image, or maybe you do want to flatten it. If you're just looking for the brightest location of the brightest pixel. Maybe the flat interpretation would be better, easier to learn from Then you just have an index. That is the maximal
cfns-c120-presenter: something like that. seriously know your data.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, I have waste so much time because it's fun to build models and see how they perform. And I didn't stop and really note before my data.
cfns-c120-presenter: I mean, really know your data. We're just having a problem. Now in my current work where we are talking with an expert. We thought we knew the data. We thought he knew the data. We thought, he explained the data to us correctly. It turns out we did not know the data. and so we wasted, probably not based it basis too strong a word. we deviated from optimal path for a couple of months in order to come to the conclusion that we should have
cfns-c120-presenter: looked for data. there's a a fun example here. I'll let you guys click on in your own time, a professor hid a gorilla in Bmi, like diabetes data.
cfns-c120-presenter: And he basically gave each student one of 2 problems exclusively.
cfns-c120-presenter: one of them basically had find the relationship between Bmi and diabetes. And the other ones were just
cfns-c120-presenter: given the data and told, like, you know, look at the data, and anybody who just plotted the 2 things would see a gorilla
cfns-c120-presenter: and the ones that had the the thought. I need to find a specific relationship, rarely looked for a gorilla and actually missed the gorilla.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you look at your data, if you know your data, you will see the gorilla will know, something is on this.
cfns-c120-presenter: So again.
cfns-c120-presenter: we're going to be using Google collap all the Python notebooks that I have prepared run in Google Collab, if you're like, I already do. I have Jupiter on my own laptop, but not
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. Question. Yes, I'm just thinking about knowing the data. So she said, now, where you go deep into I'm rising the dental, or you just look at the structure of a bit on your problem. It could be the answer to that. But yes, so I would say, it's better to over analyze your data.
cfns-c120-presenter: then under analyze it. In other words, look, are there correlations. Can you do what's called feature engineering? Maybe instead of sending it X and Y, I send the model X divided by Y, because I know there's a physical relationship that's linear and x over y, not x and y, independently. Easier to learn from.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's that level where you need to take your system. Alright, your subject matter expert, which could be yourself. And you need to know, how is this data coming about, and what are the relationships, the correlations that are embedded in this data that I expect.
cfns-c120-presenter: So afterwards. Then you apply to you and then you do your feature engineering. And then you start building models. And one thing that I found as a with my friends, your physicists. we tend to think about modeling in the sense that we get our data, and we do a lot of best fit
cfns-c120-presenter: And it's not quite that when you're when you're trying to build a neural net, saying it's more grasping in the dark.
cfns-c120-presenter: You can try something that will not work, and it turns out that the answer is, if you change one hyper parameter of your model a little bit.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's really hard. There's not like a I I can't give you the algorithm. I can't say, here's the data you do this math. You apply this this principle. You just. You know you can write down your integrals and everything. It's great, great!
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a lot messier than that I'm sorry. It's a lot messier than that. So feel free to use any other system. You want a bunch of companies. You've done some work, and you're like high torch. And why are you using tensorflow doing? I don't really care. As long as you understand the core concept for those without laptop. It'll be great if you can make a friend.
cfns-c120-presenter: and you could buddy up and do some of these tutorials together. compared with others.
cfns-c120-presenter: See what work for them when didn't work for them? It's
cfns-c120-presenter: It's pretty great. Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: here we go. This is, I promise. This is like all the map. So
cfns-c120-presenter: what what I get from this? this is what's called a multi layer perceptron, or a dense neural net in which every node is connected to every other node.
cfns-c120-presenter: Is this the only layer type? No. Is it the only way to do this layer type? No, this is the easiest one for me to understand, because you can write down literal map. So what happens is you take in each note. It's an input value. This might be the pixel magnitude. This might be the temperature, the pressure, the humidity, the whatever that happens to be
cfns-c120-presenter: at it. It will pass it through an activation function for input layers. They don't have it. It's just linear. And then you multiply it by the weight
cfns-c120-presenter: and add a bias and pass that result into the next layer. In fact, you pass that result
cfns-c120-presenter: into all
cfns-c120-presenter: the notes of the next layer. So you end up getting these these w's.
cfns-c120-presenter: so this is connecting one to one one to 2, one to 3, one to 4. This be 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, so on. So on until you get down to 5 in this case, and you keep you keep doing that.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then you can look at what the output is going to give you and what you're really training
cfns-c120-presenter: is what all these weights are along all the lines. This thing.
cfns-c120-presenter: So in the case of doing dogs and cats.
cfns-c120-presenter: I could represent it. My output as a vector yeah, as as so you can imagine having a vector where the first in index is catness. And the second index is darkness.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? and what your your output would be would be a factor such that maybe you'd normalize it to one. Some of these 2 indices one, and if
cfns-c120-presenter: and that's 0 for the first in that is greater in magnitude, you say,
cfns-c120-presenter: that's a cat, and the second one being greater means that's a dog. So always it's computing this mathematical object that we're interpreting to be the label cat or dog. So I the idea would be. And for my son. If I'm going to go back to that.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't know what features of the image he's extracting, because he doesn't really know words yet. I mean, he can't describe a dog for me, but he's really accurate at it, because he's
cfns-c120-presenter: he's he's modified these weights such that he can extract the proper features
cfns-c120-presenter: to allow him to best separate cats from dogs.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then come up with the label for
cfns-c120-presenter: back propagation.
cfns-c120-presenter: I haven't.
cfns-c120-presenter: I do have a couple of links. the very generic to the math. But I'll try to explain back propagation. in so many words. when you actually start doing this. You do things and what's called fast batches, which gives you the stochastic
cfns-c120-presenter: part of stochastic gradient descent.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you forget about the casting the batching in there. You essentially can take your loss function, and you look at the d loss function over the d of all of your w's.
cfns-c120-presenter: So now I know I know, depending on what my losses are really the change in the loss function, how much I should wiggle all of these weights.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that's how it's very basic. There are other optimizers which we'll see we'll use today, which do things much more sophisticated. They will do back propagation parameter by parameter.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then there are some that uses all of them. There are some that, and get momentum and learning rates, and at its core, though you take your loss, you look at how the loss changes, depending on how you change these parameters, and you invert that such that as as I'm learning as I'm computing my loss. I know how much I should be changing the D's to decrease that loss.
cfns-c120-presenter: You're forming an error surface of that loss, and you're literally walking that surface. How many dimensional surface? Well. how many w's do you have? So it's a little. It's a little hard. I think, I put in, and this picture is lower dimension. You you all those W's may put you here on the law surface, and then you just use your your, you know, line of steepest descent.
cfns-c120-presenter: You you take a gradient, and then you walk along the gradient some units, and you can walk yourself for epoch
cfns-c120-presenter: down hopefully into the global minimum global minimum of loss means. I have the most accurate.
cfns-c120-presenter: And now I have my answer.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: so I showed you the the multi-layer perceptron.
cfns-c120-presenter: the Mlp, yeah, go ahead.
cfns-c120-presenter: That might be right. If I say that the loss is not, it's not quite It's okay, it depends. You'll hear me say that a lot You could certainly write a loss function that will give you the uncertainty. But the loss function need not be an uncertainty.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: it depends. yeah. So the lost function was not on the previous slide. The output is not the last one. No, the output is not the lost function. You use the output as an input parameter to the lost function.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's so you're computing the loss based on
cfns-c120-presenter: the output given in the case of caps and dogs, I would say, What vector did my son give me? And then I would say, how close is that to 1 0?
cfns-c120-presenter: That's my loss. Is that comparison to 1 0?
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, yeah, just a full of questions. So we we always in my making the lost 0. You always want to minimize the loss, and there is the mathematical underpinning is if you have a surface that instead of being like concave is convex.
cfns-c120-presenter: that causes problems mathematically. Right? You get runaway answers. And often when you hit those runaway solutions, you get models that give you garbage because they're not all constrained. So there's a lot of mathematical underpinnings and a lot of structures designed to ensure
cfns-c120-presenter: that you you're trying to learn a concave thing that has a minimum.
cfns-c120-presenter: Good luck to you. there are ways you can try to take concave things and do fancy stuff, but at its core gotta have concave from your go to infinity and then get garbage.
cfns-c120-presenter: convolution is the other common one. when you're talking about neural net. That is the only 2. No, and I make my own layer. Yes, are we going to do that? Yeah, I hope not. Don't. Don't go that far into the deep end. there' be monsters so convolutions and fall, taking these, these kernels.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this case a 1, 2, 1 0 0 0 minus one minus 2, minus one kernel and just scanning it over.
cfns-c120-presenter: doing a little matrix multiplication and recording the values
cfns-c120-presenter: all right. In this case, I the sum. They're doing the the the sum
cfns-c120-presenter: in in this little feature map. And one thing that you'll notice about the feature map
cfns-c120-presenter: is, you get 40 here and here
cfns-c120-presenter: and this is detecting. This kernel is actually detecting the edge for you. It's telling you that right here
cfns-c120-presenter: there's a there's there's an edge tends to zeros.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it lies right in between these 2,
cfns-c120-presenter: so you can have kernels that detect
cfns-c120-presenter: different features. As I change the kernel. I'm actually pulling out different features of the house. You might have some kernels in your layer that look for rooms, but for fuzzy ears.
cfns-c120-presenter: looks, for you know dog knows versus cat. Those tend to be very different. So you have a a kernel in my son's mind. that that is hopefully setting
cfns-c120-presenter: these values inside each filter kernel to extract the right data from the image. So you can make the classification accurately.
cfns-c120-presenter: And today and the time we have remaining. we're gonna do the Md data set.
cfns-c120-presenter: I hate the M. This data set. Everybody should do the on this data set
cfns-c120-presenter: the reason I I hate it is it holds someone promise to do it. You're like, Oh, my gosh, I'm training an AI. It's doing something. Now I'm gonna put my own data in. And then you look into the load data function, and it's 2.5,000 lines. And you go. What it's not doesn't need to be that complicated. They've done a lot of optimization so they can affordable and robust. And how they store the data. so there's reasons that it's that
cfns-c120-presenter: awful, the loading function do not get scared by that. Don't look into it. Tomorrow we will get into loading my own data.
cfns-c120-presenter: which is where the fun really gets going. But for now. where I I find this in this I gave Fred. Do you have the flash brides, or on in the home? You can also go to the link that I've hosted as my talk that takes it to a folder, and there should be a python notebook
cfns-c120-presenter: and then label like gymnast.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, thank you. And you can upload that to Google, Doc. I will be here. I will try to help troubleshoot that support if you never use not Google box. Sorry. Google. Oh, boy, Google, collapse.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you do not have Google collap or unsure, how? I will be around. We can log you in. It's I think there's even a link at the top of this notebook. You click on that. It'll take you to Google call out, it's like, yeah, you want to run this in one per row, or you can download if you go to the timetable, the browser thing. Open your browser and do a Google search for Google co-lab. Oh, yeah, Google accounts
cfns-c120-presenter: do it. Maybe I'll let you do it on my laptop, or I have it. You should be fine because that you do not have to use Google Collap. I just set it up so that it works for sure. There
cfns-c120-presenter: it can work in other locations. It's my choice. It's my choice. I understand that
cfns-c120-presenter: I tried to. I tried to think of which you know some people are in Amazon web services
cfns-c120-presenter: which has a similar feature parity, fraud. D, which I'm also running this probably fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: and and then you should be able to. To. All know I have to sign in first. Yeah, probably
cfns-c120-presenter: can just make a new empty file
cfns-c120-presenter: and copy all that. Or you can import. You can upload. So if you get a hold of the flash drive which has all of them, or you can download that specifically from the link on the end to code, and you can go save link as save it as I, pi and B, and then you can upload it
cfns-c120-presenter: that way as well. Do you have a USB to USB. C.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, I don't know
cfns-c120-presenter: that one nice, awesome.
cfns-c120-presenter: This is the problem with all these tech things. It's like less similar tutorial, and
cfns-c120-presenter: there are a million ways it's going to catch and happen to work if you have time. So the follow up flash, drive, pass the flash. Drive on! How we have 5 of them! Say, you're done with the flash. I've tested all the, or go to the link and download this one in particular.
cfns-c120-presenter: you can read about the different parts that they're having. You do. Okay, I'm mainly making sure that everybody in the today
cfns-c120-presenter: you can actually adequately run a notebook. So it's starting. Tomorrow we'll be making our own. We're basing this stuff. So okay, we'll get through it.
cfns-c120-presenter: Anybody need the
cfns-c120-presenter: I got it. And then, all right.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's pretty much it doesn't technically have to be. The accuracy goes on.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah,
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. So then I'm not a Mac user. So I don't know. But that's fine.
cfns-c120-presenter: everyone.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then you have these 5 itself, and then you can either run them.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah,
cfns-c120-presenter: it's more of a second. You have lost bout loss, bowel accuracy and working accuracy.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't think it's creating a
cfns-c120-presenter: what's that pipeline? So you remember I mentioned, there was like 2,500 lines that are used to actually load the data. That's the pipeline. So they Google has. And their infinite wisdom has decided to make these things called or tensorflow. And there's, you know, this data set which does all the like. Let's say
cfns-c120-presenter: in this data set is zipped, you know. Open the Zip file read from the Zip file. So the input pipeline is, how do you go from standard data sets in this to ready to input.
cfns-c120-presenter: Data. And maybe I should also have
cfns-c120-presenter: for those that get done with this really quick.
cfns-c120-presenter: input
cfns-c120-presenter: images.
cfns-c120-presenter: 8 by 28.
cfns-c120-presenter: What? No, they're just 28 pixels by twenty-.
cfns-c120-presenter: And they're not really images. That's the other thing, this little input pipeline. It's a 28 by 20 array of like normalized like this value
cfns-c120-presenter: like a calibration. You're taking this data from that machine. I think we're getting ready to actually do software. Yeah, yeah, yeah, so you could think about. Like, if you're doing you're going to do AI on astrophysical signals right? I do my own. After photography I'm getting back into. Yeah, I I
cfns-c120-presenter: you do the stacking procedure. Okay? Right? Which that's all your exposures together. Yeah, that could be part of the input pipeline, because I want to feed it. The model is my completed stacked image, not each individual image, so the pipeline would be, how do I access the right folders, stack the right calibre and stack to give me. That would be the input pipeline.
cfns-c120-presenter: But that's what it makes sense. Why, it's it could be exactly exactly exactly exactly. All right. Mars will not be 20 bucks by telling people don't open it. Don't open. Don't look into that box. You can to to that box a little bit tomorrow. Today, get this thing to run
cfns-c120-presenter: and then play around.
cfns-c120-presenter: Then from inside there there is. So you want to upload that the Google Collab. And then I want to see you successfully run that.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, you can do it. Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: in the today have the ability to run a python notebook that uses tensorflow. They'll need it for the future. So that's primary the thing, if you're already done with it, or you're sitting there like, yeah, I know this stuff. So then my challenge is to you to shift away. Done in there in that multi-layer, except that I can convert it to a convolution and just shift.
cfns-c120-presenter: All right. Thank you.
cfns-c120-presenter: Well, this, the training set you want to do the same thing for the test set. Now.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, yeah.
for about like, I don't know
cfns-c120-presenter: any here.
cfns-c120-presenter: If you want to mention some. Now, we're as people are getting done for more knowledgeable help those around you, because they're actually probably already done with.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: So for email, so you don't getting speed up. Okay with convolution. Or you do And there's some special flag.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: It is a.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know.
cfns-c120-presenter: So so now I'm in at the bottom, right? You see, that's an array. Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't know. So what you say is my picture at the black box
cfns-c120-presenter: building that model. It's designing the topology.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's it's it's it's decreasing that monthly.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's like learning. So on the data set itself. Are these, 25. I don't need pixels of handwritten numbers, and it's learning how to
cfns-c120-presenter: sure, which is great. If you're a post office, and people have different handwriting, and you don't want somebody having.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's been the try. It's been the try
cfns-c120-presenter: an example. And then, like the category of this to one. This is also it have the labels in it which is part of the reason why we dig into the code that pipeline, just like 2,500 clients.
cfns-c120-presenter: don't worry too much about how they need the triangle. We're gonna do something here tomorrow.
cfns-c120-presenter: but play around with the that's the loss. So I see
cfns-c120-presenter: it's about. how does it change? Doesn't you know what doesn't?
cfns-c120-presenter: okay. And then I'll take that model and and change it from dense.
cfns-c120-presenter: Just understand that there are.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's not
cfns-c120-presenter: 2,021.
cfns-c120-presenter: It'll
cfns-c120-presenter: it's still a question about the yeah. There should be a link to the documentation. Did you find it? Yeah, yeah, it would be sound like an exam. But then what? It's the first.
cfns-c120-presenter: yes, that's so. it's the number.
cfns-c120-presenter: something
cfns-c120-presenter: right?
cfns-c120-presenter: You should you today really need to do any.
cfns-c120-presenter: So yeah, I just send. So I use small
cfns-c120-presenter: in the.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's certainly something the right thing or not may be seen. I'll be right there in a moment.
cfns-c120-presenter: just trying to be nice to
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: that's I think most people are at the point. Now we're giving it to Ron.
cfns-c120-presenter: I I
cfns-c120-presenter: so
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: yes.
Features. No.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's it's it's it's it's it's but you can also.
cfns-c120-presenter: Oh, that was
cfns-c120-presenter: so.
cfns-c120-presenter: And that
cfns-c120-presenter: So
cfns-c120-presenter: so what if you change the number of nodes from 128 to 40? Another? I don't care. Yeah, okay, make mistakes. Get passing. Yeah, messy reservoir. I would plot 2 things. I would plot Val loss and boss
cfns-c120-presenter: what does that mean?
cfns-c120-presenter: I will be with it tomorrow.
cfns-c120-presenter: I was like, alright. No, it's not out, but you are correct. It's it's.
cfns-c120-presenter: you know, I need to log in and actually make them to the
cfns-c120-presenter: you'd do like.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like she looks like this size forever. And I'm recooling. It's smaller. How are you doing so? Right? You need help or
cfns-c120-presenter: step 2. The evaluation pipeline is really helping define
cfns-c120-presenter: how you're going to take it out the loss. And if you look in the compilation, there's there's lines like model equals that's setting up the topology that's in the black box. And after that they do model, lock compile.
cfns-c120-presenter: And in that Bobbock kindly set up a loss. And they said, How you're going to traverse the error surface. Then you call model on fit. And hopefully you get curves that are decreasing for your loss. And that loss. That means it's learning, because it's minimizing that once that's over, hope.
cfns-c120-presenter: let me.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes.
cfns-c120-presenter: honest.
get to
cfns-c120-presenter: on
cfns-c120-presenter: that to kind of fight your best instinct as a this is getting into this like once at a time. Let's just make sure everybody get to the
cfns-c120-presenter: first base, and then we'll get to what I'm not all at once like. There's an underlying theory that so, dear, I got it all, so I don't know. I have an example. So what you can say so like, first of all, I love that. But when I was doing that I need to have I wanted to do about.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't want to. Yeah. And they'll become yes, just really have I liking it to? I'm going to be a mechanic. I can understand how internal, and it works. If you take a a A car, I'm going to destroy the you can understand that that matter.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's a machine learning algorithm. And you'll never be able to do it because you haven't gone through those first steps. It's just like in code. What are the basic piece which, hopefully, this is starting to lay out. We need to create that triangle. It's not worth.
cfns-c120-presenter: This doesn't very complicated. Tomorrow we're going to do that much simpler. So I don't see a choice. Well, in the pipeline. Is that triangle in the in the plot that I that I I show that had the black box in the triangle. Yeah, step one is the triangle model equals the setting up that black box and the model that compile has that lost output loss in.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yes, and tensorflow handles that back propagation.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's
cfns-c120-presenter: so we you think about modeling a physics process. Yes, you're coming up with, take laws, have your input data to make prediction, error predictions warm and fuzzy.
cfns-c120-presenter: the model basically, we're trying to figure out.
cfns-c120-presenter: But laws are applicable. Once.
cfns-c120-presenter: what feature? I'm too lazy to do that I might not know. So what the what I was trying to learn is, what part of the data should I emphasize or to, in in order to produce the best outfit. Right? It's a very generic state. That's a very generic state. That's a very generic state. That's a very generic state. How? Exactly, because that's loss setting up an area
cfns-c120-presenter: surface. And you want to minimize that your, what does that mean? It's your problem. But this is what you said, because he told me, it's like, when you choose the you have the test and then training points. Yeah, you do this thing. And then how far away. These other guys you did.
cfns-c120-presenter: And from the question I've gotten, I might this evening duck out the 7 30 thing and modify my talk tomorrow
cfns-c120-presenter: the image you will have the labels. It will need to take a man or Csv. It's really simple. It's not bad, and then you'll parse them. You'll say, Oh, this is data. Yeah, this is the target I'm going for. This is a different thing. This is the different target I'm going for.
cfns-c120-presenter: What are the hardest for it.
cfns-c120-presenter: What you want the response to me because your lost function? Oh, you just want to minimize the loss function. That's what area I think period. That's why it's so important.
cfns-c120-presenter: I've lost option. I did. I I to charge, and I also use the decision tree. It was also the
cfns-c120-presenter: like all we didn't, as we do previously, just by cats they are a license with, and it's all it was also question about the advising
cfns-c120-presenter: it it all. It's like kind of like. I could be flippant. And I've stood up in front of here and be like this is the lost function. I've defined it mathematically. Now I know she's learning. I I'm not trying to fish in the right direction, and then you're grasping at straws in the dark. But
cfns-c120-presenter: hopefully over the next couple of days. Some of this all I see that work twice. I get. I don't get to allow you to hopefully go out. And when you go online, you see somebody describe an example. Go, talk about loss. okay, I know what this means, even though specific. I can't give you the loss.
cfns-c120-presenter: because this reminds me of how honestly, how you learn as a kid, I'm always doing top down. I'm very child like so.
cfns-c120-presenter: and then I've I've noticed I've saved. These are right, this is cool.
cfns-c120-presenter: this is, it's it's not, it's the same it works on. It's the same. It works on.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: definitely as you're working. Yeah, I I'm liking seeing people talking to their neighbors, helping out. if you're you're just sitting there like man. I'm done boring. try to plot. Try to plot not only the foul loss.
cfns-c120-presenter: which is what the array is, but also, boss. You can go online and look at map, pop, move. If you're really struggling, I have an example how to use mapflop, very basic one,
cfns-c120-presenter: and then mess around with, what does that mean? I don't know you, do you? All around there. There's a line in that, says model
cfns-c120-presenter: equals
cfns-c120-presenter: change the values. The number of filters change the kernel size, change the number of epochs in the model. That fit
cfns-c120-presenter: kind of we'll and we'll talk more tomorrow. You have question. Yeah, kind of like us. Okay? No, no, no, no. I was going to say I I'm I'm I'm I've changed the box.
cfns-c120-presenter: Do you change something in here? I've changed it. So yeah, okay, if you change this.
cfns-c120-presenter: you're doing. Okay? Yeah, yeah, I thought, I just like
cfns-c120-presenter: this.
cfns-c120-presenter: okay, and do it. So
cfns-c120-presenter: that's not provided. That's not provided
cfns-c120-presenter: that that picture on how kind of your angle data, especially, in fact. Model you're, it's Google's fancy way of getting that trying. So I'm training right now. It's so downloading a file. I'm clipping, reading the zip file, computing what these images are. So let's say it as images to inefficient for to download it. and it's really just saying
cfns-c120-presenter: we can. The standard data set. It's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's, it's, it's it's, it's, it's, it's it's, it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's
cfns-c120-presenter: that's just out, date. It's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's, it's it's it's, it's it's it's it's it's it's so can I kind of see if one is like taking this rough day.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah, that's stand enough. Yeah, okay, great so I, I like to understand what it's actually doing. But like, it's actually setting up. But in that, so we end up, teach computer how to understand this and model lock and trial to come after that is telling the computer. Here's the loss function. They'll actually see a
cfns-c120-presenter: and the strength. okay, right? Right? Right there. Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm setting up your what is my second player which now makes this error surface and abstracted?
cfns-c120-presenter: which is, can you say? Did I have a right? You see that line, probably from 28 to that is setting up not only those circles, how many layers of those circles and the signing of all of the connections.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's all, all of the done is this.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't want anybody to, so it seems very much. And I like to know.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then when we say the losses.
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah, so
cfns-c120-presenter: so you can find your own cost loss if you don't do it. That's deep, it
cfns-c120-presenter: it's 1 0 0, 0 0. 0. So bring the your signal with the
cfns-c120-presenter: if you're a, I'm saying, Okay, I it should be this, but I get this, how far it's and how? How should I modify those weights? All those 101,000 W. Since I'm doing a line of test jets.
cfns-c120-presenter: a hundred, 1,750,
cfns-c120-presenter: because there is not a better way.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's been 4 h to.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I can say 700 a microphone. That's okay. I have.
cfns-c120-presenter: I had 7 colleagues trying to get the first one to find anything potentially wrong.
cfns-c120-presenter: I'm going to. I don't trust you. If you change it. But I'm going to do it. I'm just coming in.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay, so that's that's fine. That's that's saying I couldn't find the driver. So you're not going to get. And then we're going to run with that.
cfns-c120-presenter: So this is that black box is the topology. So you have an input which is being flattened. So you have a linear thing of 28
cfns-c120-presenter: and then you have 100 and meet those that are feeding in. So
cfns-c120-presenter: I'll see you about 784. No, we did. One of those goes into all the next, and then it's kind of it's 10 long date in, because there are 10 digits. 0, 1 8 to 9.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay?
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay? So we have 101,779
cfns-c120-presenter: in the.
cfns-c120-presenter: You don't have to understand what kind of
cfns-c120-presenter: on error sources all the possible out of the
cfns-c120-presenter: optimizers telling how? Why traverse that error service, and instead of using stochastic gradient, since we're using this thing called an atom.
cfns-c120-presenter: I don't have to know what it is that's deep into the. There's just many optimizations. Anyways, you can try to find.
cfns-c120-presenter: Yeah.
cfns-c120-presenter: you say, what about the so usually that my first step is like, it's not working for me, I just
cfns-c120-presenter: for installation. So now, when it's done.
cfns-c120-presenter: it's it's
cfns-c120-presenter: so. It's it's not dot I
cfns-c120-presenter: all connected. No space.
cfns-c120-presenter: You can shift Tab, or you. You already have it. Awesome. Now she has the example.
cfns-c120-presenter: so I define the loss right? Which is.
cfns-c120-presenter: maybe that will work. I don't know.
cfns-c120-presenter: So it's it's it's not history, square bracket, right? And then and that's where bracket?
cfns-c120-presenter: it might be one of those, really.
cfns-c120-presenter: And then at the end.
cfns-c120-presenter: And you have the loss function given there as well.
cfns-c120-presenter: Okay.
cfns-c120-presenter: And I say, learn the ends, you know, through that.
cfns-c120-presenter: That's how we did all this stuff. I haven't. I'm an image. That's how we did all this stuff. I haven't. I'm an image, but it sounds the most fun. So the idea is, if you're valid.
cfns-c120-presenter: So I just
cfns-c120-presenter: yeah. The validation that I have. If you look at what you've been studying.
cfns-c120-presenter: it looks very similar. So I'm basically making the assumption. But I haven't had my back distribution
cfns-c120-presenter: right? The reason I do that is because I don't want him to memorize through the book. I want to hit the field down the world. I want to hit the field down the world, see and say, Gather down physics, not just the ones in the book, and he's a clever who has a great memory, and may have learned that it does cat, dog, dog, cat, cat, cat.
cfns-c120-presenter: We don't want him to. Not everything he's going to come across will be in that.
cfns-c120-presenter: These currents tell you how to, and as you change the value, so you can compare and say how this model looks better, because I can show a novel images of it for accurate, or maybe it's less accurate, but it takes you have some time to resol. It's got much less parameters.
cfns-c120-presenter: Maybe this one trains very quickly. I need to put it in the Fpga. If there are constraints on my model I can't be too on. I'm sure you've heard Chat Gbt in the rooms. I'm sure you've heard Chat Gbt in the rooms? It has one trillion parameters.
cfns-c120-presenter: I so how is it doing? What it's doing what I really know about one trillion 3.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's like it's for me. I always have my mind the
cfns-c120-presenter: to find you. What one month to me
cfns-c120-presenter: integrated by the the, the, the only reason that it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's it's all great. And go for all this
cfns-c120-presenter: and and create a simple, I'll say motivation that there, of course, he has this example. I small. It's not like that. It's not like that. It's really
cfns-c120-presenter: it really is.
cfns-c120-presenter: It's it's it's it's it's it's it's very There we go, and we not no mathematic. So so so not enough. I haven't seen myself, but they can do other languages. Yeah.