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We discuss various neutrino emission processes that can occur in neutron
stars. We first review the physics of the "Urca" reactions, which act as
the main cooling channel of young neutron stars and produce a large flux
of neutrinos, albeit at very low energy. We then comment on two
new sources of neutrinos in neutron stars: muon diffusion and decay in
stars away from chemical equilibrium, and neutrino cooling of
common-envelope systems. The latter are systems where a compact object
(e.g. a neutron star) is engulfed by a binary companion, starts
accreting at an enormous rate, and radiates away gravitational energy in
neutrinos. Common-envelope evolution is believed to be crucial for the
formation of LIGO/VIRGO/KAGRA gravitational wave sources, and we show
that neutrinos might offer an opportunity to directly observe this
process for the first time.