1st EIC Yellow Report Workshop at Temple University
Online
The 1st EIC Yellow Report Workshop at Temple University is the first of a series of four workshops throughout the entire year 2020. The purpose of the Yellow Report Initiative is to advance the state and detail of the documented physics studies (White Paper, INT program proceedings) and detector concepts (Detector and R&D Handbook) in preparation for the realization of the EIC. The effort aims to provide the basis for further development of concepts for experimental equipment best suited for science needs, including complementarity of two detectors towards future Technical Design Reports (TDRs).
More information is available at the EICUG WWW-page.
The workshop starts on Thursday, March 19, with morning plenary sessions, followed by afternoon physics/detector parallel sessions and a full day of parallel sessions on Friday, March 20. The entire morning on Saturday, March 21, will have two plenary sessions.
Update March 9, 2020: The workshop will take place as a remote-only workshop using the same schedule and timeline due to the impact caused by the COVID-19 health issue.
-
-
08:00
Online setup and connection test
ZOOM reservation: https://temple.zoom.us/j/820324176
-
EIC Project Status - Part 1
ZOOM reservation: https://temple.zoom.us/j/820324176
-
1
WelcomeSpeakers: Andreas Metz (Temple University), Bernd Surrow (Temple University)
-
2
Statement by ALD's BNL and JLabSpeakers: Berndt Mueller (BNL), Bob McKeown (JLab)
-
3
EIC project overviewSpeaker: James Yeck (University of Wisconsin-Madison and Brookhaven National Laboratory)
-
4
EIC project overview - Discussion / Questions
-
5
Machine design status and plansSpeaker: Ferdinand Willeke (BNL)
-
6
Machine design status and plans - Discussion / Questions
-
1
-
10:40
Break
-
EIC Project Status - Part 2
ZOOM reservation: https://temple.zoom.us/j/820324176
- 7
-
8
IR design status and plans - Discussion / Questions
-
9
YR goals and plansSpeakers: Rolf Ent (Jefferson Lab), Thomas Ullrich (BNL)
-
10
YR goals and plans - Discussion / Questions
-
11
Software WG OverviewSpeaker: Markus Diefenthaler (Jefferson Lab)
-
12
Software WG Overview - Discussion / Questions
-
13:00
Lunch Break
-
Detector WG Calorimetry
CONVENERS
Vladimir Berdnikov (berdnik@jlab.org)
Eugene Chudakov (gen@jlab.org)Conveners: Eugene Chudakov (Jefferson Lab), Vladimir Berdnikov (CUA)-
13
Initial considerations for EIC detector EMCalSpeaker: Alexander Bazilevsky (BNL)
-
14
Electromagnetic calorimetry technologies for EICSpeaker: Tanja Horn (Cath)
-
15
Jet detection requirements for the EIC calorimetersSpeaker: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory)
- 16
-
13
-
Detector WG Far Forward Detector + Ancillary detectors / Polarimetry / LuminosityConveners: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab), Dave Gaskell, E. C. Aschenauer (BNL), Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US)), Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
17
Silicon Sensors for Forward TrackingSpeaker: Xuan Li (Los Alamos National Lab)
-
18
Sensors for Roman Pots - eRD24Speaker: Alessandro Tricoli (Brookhaven National Lab)
- 19
-
20
Open DiscussionSpeaker: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
17
-
Detector WG PID: IntroductionConveners: Patrizia Rossi (Jefferson Lab), Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University)
-
21
IntroductionSpeakers: Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University), Patrizia Rossi (Jefferson Lab)
-
22
High-Resolution ps TOF for PID at the EICSpeaker: Dr Mickey Chiu (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
23
Development of MCP-PMT/LAPPD and exploring their application for particle identificationSpeaker: Junqi Xie (ANL)
-
24
A LGAD-based Time-of-Flight System for EIC - leveraging experience from the HL-LHC upgradeSpeaker: Wei Li (Rice University)
-
25
Evaluation of small photo‐sensors in high magnetic fields for EIC PIDSpeaker: Yordanka Ilieva (University of South Carolina)
-
26
Dual Ring Imaging Cherenkov statusSpeakers: Evaristo Cisbani (Italian National Institute of Heath and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics), Marco Contalbrigo (INFN Ferrara)
-
27
The high-performance DIRC detector for the Electron Ion Collider detectorSpeaker: Grzegorz Kalicy (ODU)
-
21
-
Detector WG TrackingConveners: Annalisa Mastroserio (Università degli Studi di Foggia and INFN), Kondo Gnanvo (University of Virginia), Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
28
Introduction to YR-Tracking WG and activitiesSpeaker: Kondo Gnanvo (University of Virginia)
- 29
-
30
ITS3 TechnologySpeaker: Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
31
Survey of Gaseous Detector TechnologiesSpeaker: Kondo Gnanvo (University of Virginia)
- 32
-
33
Cylindrical Micromegas for the Central TrackingSpeaker: Francesco Bossu (CEA-Saclay)
- 34
-
35
sTGCs for the End Cap TrackingSpeaker: Daniel Brandenburg (Brookhaven National Laboratory)
-
28
-
Physics WG
-
36
Inclusive reactions WGSpeakers: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
-
37
Semi-inclusive Reactions WGSpeakers: Anselm Vossen (Duke University), Bowen Xiao (Central China Normal University), Justin Stevens (William & Mary), Ralf Seidl (RIKEN), Vladimirov Alexey (Regensburg University)
-
38
Jets, Heavy Quarks WGSpeakers: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Frank Petriello (Northwestern University), Ivan Vitev (LANL), Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
-
39
Exclusive Reactions WGSpeakers: Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
40
Diffractive Reactions & Tagging WGSpeakers: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Wim Cosyn (FIU)
-
41
Discussion
-
36
-
16:00
Break
-
Detector WG Calorimetry
CONVENERS
Vladimir Berdnikov (berdnik@jlab.org)
Eugene Chudakov (gen@jlab.org)Conveners: Eugene Chudakov (Jefferson Lab), Vladimir Berdnikov (CUA) -
Detector WG Far Forward Detector + Ancillary detectors / Polarimetry / LuminosityConveners: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab), Dave Gaskell, Dr E. C. Aschenauer (BNL), Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US)), Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
42
Technical requirements for the luminosity detector and the low-Q2-taggerSpeaker: Jaroslav Adam (BNL)
-
43
Technical requirements for the lepton polarimeterSpeaker: Alexandre Camsonne (JLAB)
-
44
Technical requirements for the different hadron polarimetersSpeaker: Oleg Eyser (BNL)
-
45
Discussion
-
42
-
Detector WG PIDConveners: Patrizia Rossi (Jefferson Lab), Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University)
-
46
mRICH for EIC - past, present and futureSpeaker: Xiaochun He (Georgia State University)
-
47
Quintuple-GEM Based RICH Detector for EICSpeaker: Prakhar Garg (Stony Brook University)
-
48
High Momentum PID at EIC (in 10 years from now)Speaker: Silvia Dalla Torre (INFN, Trieste)
-
49
General discussion on the working plan and deliverables for the Pavia workshop
-
46
-
Detector WG TrackingConveners: Annalisa Mastroserio (Università degli Studi di Foggia and INFN), Kondo Gnanvo (University of Virginia), Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
50
Introduction to YR-Tracking WG SimulationSpeaker: Domenico Elia (INFN Bari)
-
51
Overview of Tracking Simulation needs and PlansSpeaker: Barbara Jacak
-
52
Including detector services in simulationsSpeaker: Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
53
Open DiscussionSpeaker: All
-
50
-
Physics WG Diffraction and TaggingConveners: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Wim Cosyn (FIU)
-
54
Spectator tagging in deuteron breakups and kinematics determination using BeAGLE generatorSpeaker: Zhoudunming Tu (BNL)
-
55
Update on detection of SRC nucleons in QE kinematicsSpeaker: Florian Hauenstein (ODU)
- 56
-
54
-
Physics WG ExclusiveConveners: Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
57
Summary of available DVCS and GPDs impact studies in e+p at EICSpeaker: Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory)
- 58
- 59
-
60
Common discussion: "what we have & what's next?"
-
57
-
Physics WG InclusiveConveners: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
-
Physics WG Jets, HFConveners: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Frank Petriello (Northwestern University), Ivan Vitev (LANL), Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
-
61
Table of measurements in the Jets and Heavy Flavor Working GroupSpeaker: Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
-
62
Jets for 3D imagingSpeaker: Miguel Arratia (University of California, Riverside)
- 63
-
64
Jet angularities at the EICSpeaker: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory)
-
65
Discussion
-
61
-
Physics WG Semi-Inc: https://temple.zoom.us/j/146993065Conveners: Anselm Vossen (Duke University), Bowen Xiao (Central China Normal University), Justin Stevens (William & Mary), Ralf Seidl (RIKEN), Vladimirov Alexey (Regensburg University)
- 66
- 67
- 68
-
08:00
-
-
Detector WG Central Detector / MagnetConveners: Alexander Kiselev (BNL), William Brooks (UTFSM)
- 69
-
70
Photo-sensors in a strong magnetic field: options for EICSpeaker: Junqi Xie (ANL)
-
71
Forward gaseous RICH performance in the EIC-sPHENIX solenoid fringe fieldSpeaker: Jin Huang (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
72
Low Pt track cutoff implications of a strong solenoid magnetic fieldSpeaker: Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
73
Momentum resolution and magnetic field strength for an EIC detectorSpeaker: Nick Lukow (Temple University)
-
74
BeAST solenoid magnetic field calculation and accompanying studiesSpeaker: Alexander Kiselev (BNL)
-
75
Design considerations for the EIC central detector solenoid (discussion and QA session)
-
Detector WG Electronics/DAQConveners: Andrea Celentano (INFN-Genova), Damien Neyret (CEA Saclay IRFU/DPhN)
-
76
IntroductionSpeakers: Andrea Celentano (INFN-Genova), Damien Neyret (CEA Saclay IRFU/DPhN)
- 77
-
78
Discussion
-
79
EIC data rates and noise estimates for a streaming readout systemSpeaker: Dr Jin Huang (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
80
Discussion
-
76
-
Detector WG PIDConveners: Patrizia Rossi (Jefferson Lab), Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University)
-
Forward Detector/IR integration + Ancillary detectors/Polarimetry/LuminosityConveners: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab), Dave Gaskell, E. C. Aschenauer (BNL), Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US)), Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
81
Roman Pots at the LHCSpeaker: Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US))
-
82
Open DiscussionSpeaker: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
81
-
Physics WG Diffraction and TaggingConveners: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Wim Cosyn (FIU)
-
83
Perspectives on diffractive jet production at the EIC" Michael KlasenSpeaker: Prof. Michael Klasen (University of Münster)
-
84
Inclusive diffraction at future Electron - Ion collidersSpeaker: Anna Stasto (Penn State University)
-
85
Coherent vector meson production off heavy nuclei - lessons from studies of ultraperipheral collisions at the LHCSpeaker: Mark Strikman (PSU)
-
86
Probing quantum fluctuations of the nucleon’s gluon density with inelastic diffraction at EICSpeaker: Christian Weiss (Jefferson Lab)
-
83
-
Physics WG ExclusiveConveners: Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
87
Summary of available studies on VMP in e+p collisions at EICSpeaker: Sylvester Joosten (Argonne National Laboratory)
-
88
Summary of studies and challenges for VMP in e+A collisions at EICSpeaker: Thomas Ullrich (BNL)
-
89
Exclusive di-jet production as an access gluon Wigner fcn.Speaker: Heikki Mantysaari
- 90
-
91
Common discussion: "what we have & what's next?"
-
87
-
Physics WG InclusiveConveners: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
-
92
Plan and WorkflowSpeaker: Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky)
-
93
Nuclear shadowing in DIS for future electron-ion collidersSpeaker: Michal Krelina (FNSPE Czech Technical University in Prague)
-
94
EIC impact on unpolarized PDFs: a preliminary studySpeaker: Alberto Accardi (Hampton U. and Jefferson Lab)
- 95
-
96
Constraining the unpolarized proton PDFs at EIC through inclusive measurementsSpeaker: Xiaoxuan Chu (BNL)
-
97
Kinematic reconstruction methodsSpeaker: Bernd Surrow (Temple University)
- 98
-
99
First-round studies of the EIC's PDF implicationsSpeaker: Timothy Hobbs (Southern Methodist University and EIC Center@JLab)
-
100
Testing Lorentz and CPT symmetry at the EICSpeakers: Enrico Lunghi (Indiana University), Nathan Sherrill
-
92
-
Physics WG Jets, HFConveners: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Frank Petriello (Northwestern University), Ivan Vitev (LANL), Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
-
101
Table of measurements in the Jets and Heavy Flavor Working GroupSpeaker: Ivan Vitev (LANL)
-
102
Double longitudinal spin asymmetries with jetsSpeaker: Frank Petriello (Northwestern University)
-
103
The angularity event shapes in DIS at the NNLL accuracySpeaker: Tanmay Maji (Fudan U.)
-
104
Energy-Energy Correlators for TMD physics and reduction of uncertainties due to hadronizationSpeaker: Haitao Li (LANL)
-
105
LANL plans for heavy flavor, quarkonia and jet studiesSpeakers: Matt Durham (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Dr Xuan Li (Los Alamos National Lab)
-
106
Discussion
-
101
-
Physics WG Semi-IncConveners: Anselm Vossen (Duke University), Bowen Xiao (Central China Normal University), Justin Stevens (William & Mary), Ralf Seidl (RIKEN), Vladimirov Alexey (Regensburg University)
-
107
Lambda fragmentation related measurementsSpeaker: Jinlong Zhang (Stony Brook University)
-
108
(nuclear) Fragmentation function related measurementsSpeakers: Charlotte Van Hulse, Charlotte Van Hulse
-
109
Quark Sivers/TMD related measurementsSpeaker: Alexei Prokudin (Penn State Berks)
- 110
-
107
-
10:30
Break
-
Detector WG Central Detector / MagnetConveners: Alexander Kiselev (BNL), William Brooks (UTFSM)
-
111
A possible method for adding services load to the EIC simulationsSpeaker: Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
112
EIC detector infrastructureSpeaker: Mark Breitfeller (BNL)
-
113
Synchrotron radiation studies with the present EIC IR vacuum system designSpeaker: Charles Hetzel (BNL)
-
114
Background sources and studies at the EICSpeaker: Latifa Elouardhiri (JLab)
-
115
Studies of beam-gas background, neutron flux, radiation dose at an EICSpeaker: Jin Huang (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
116
Summary and concluding remarks
-
111
-
Detector WG Electronics/DAQConveners: Andrea Celentano (INFN-Genova), Damien Neyret (CEA Saclay IRFU/DPhN)
-
117
Streaming readout simulation: activity at JLabSpeaker: Dr Maurizio Ungaro (Jefferson Lab)
-
117
-
Forward Detector/IR integration + Ancillary detectors/Polarimetry/LuminosityConveners: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab), Dave Gaskell, E. C. Aschenauer (BNL), Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US)), Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
Physics WG Diffraction and TaggingConveners: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Wim Cosyn (FIU)
-
118
Near threshold photoproduction a2(1320) and other topicsSpeaker: Spencer Klein (LBNL)
-
119
Meson Structure at the EICSpeaker: Richard Trotta (The Catholic University of America)
-
120
Discussion
-
118
-
Physics WG ExclusiveConveners: Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
121
Accessing the transverse force in a nucleonSpeaker: Matthias Burkardt (New Mexico State U.)
- 122
-
123
Common discussion chaired by Christian Weiss
What is the needed kinematic reach (in x and Q2)?
What is the lowest c.o.m. energy we need to reach?Speaker: Christian Weiss (Jefferson Lab)
-
121
-
Physics WG InclusiveConveners: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
- 124
-
125
Detector Level EventsSpeaker: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University)
-
126
ReconstructionSpeaker: Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky)
-
Physics WG Jets, HFConveners: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Frank Petriello (Northwestern University), Ivan Vitev (LANL), Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
-
131
Discussion
-
Physics WG Semi-Inc: Joint session with the Jet/HF WG https://temple.zoom.us/j/496308687Conveners: Anselm Vossen (Duke University), Bowen Xiao (Central China Normal University), Justin Stevens (William & Mary), Ralf Seidl (RIKEN), Vladimirov Alexey (Regensburg University)
-
132
Joint session with the Jet/HF WG
-
132
-
13:00
Lunch Break
-
Exclusive/Diffractive - Tagging/DWG
-
133
Separating Coherent and Incoherent InteractionsSpeaker: Spencer Klein (LBNL)
-
134
Coherent DVCS with light nucleiSpeakers: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
135
Effect of beam smearing on tagging/Accessible t-rangeSpeaker: Christian Weiss (Jefferson Lab)
-
136
Requirements on tracking from VMP in e+A
-
137
Meson structure functions - (forward) detector requirementsSpeaker: Tanja Horn (Cath)
-
138
Current simulation results with IR + detectorsSpeaker: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab)
-
139
Discussion
-
133
-
Inclusive/SIDIS/Jets/HQ / DWG
-
140
Detector needs for Inclusive ReactionsSpeakers: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
-
141
Detector requirements/input for Heavy FlavorSpeakers: Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Ivan Vitev (LANL)
-
142
Detector requirements/input forJetsSpeaker: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory)
-
143
Detector requirements/input for SIDISSpeaker: Justin Stevens (William & Mary)
-
144
PID Request to PWG / DiscussionSpeaker: Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University)
-
140
-
15:30
Break
-
Joint PWG/DWG Session - Detector Complementarity Discussion
-
145
PWG/DWG common questions
1.- Common set of energies, beam species, luminosities, and polarization
2.- What physics processes drive each detector component the most, and what are these requirements?
3.- Considerations/constraints from the detector design side that must be included into baseline physics simulations
4.- How do we organize the various steps of the work that require interactions and feedback between PWG and DWG ?
- 146
-
145
-
-
-
Working Group Summaries
-
147
Inclusive reactions WG summarySpeakers: Barak Schmookler (Stony Brook University), Renee Fatemi (University of Kentucky), nobuo sato (Jefferson Lab)
-
148
Semi-inclusive Reactions WG summarySpeakers: Anselm Vossen (Duke University), Bowen Xiao (Central China Normal University), Justin Stevens (William & Mary), Ralf Seidl (RIKEN), Vladimirov Alexey (Regensburg University)
-
149
Jets, Heavy Quarks WG summarySpeakers: Brian Page (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Ernst Sichtermann (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Frank Petriello (Northwestern University), Ivan Vitev (LANL), Leticia Cunqueiro (ORNL)
-
150
Exclusive Reactions WG summarySpeakers: Barbara Pasquini (University of Pavia and INFN, Pavia), Daria Sokhan, Raphael Dupre (IPN Orsay), Salvatore Fazio (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Tuomas Lappi (University of Jyvaskyla)
-
151
Diffractive Reactions & Tagging WG summarySpeakers: Anna Stasto (Penn State University), Douglas Higinbotham (Jefferson Lab), Or Hen (MIT), Spencer Klein (LBNL), Wim Cosyn (FIU)
-
152
Tracking WG summarySpeakers: Annalisa Mastroserio (Università degli Studi di Foggia and INFN), Kondo Gnanvo (University of Virginia), Leo Greiner (LBNL)
-
153
Particle ID WG SummarySpeakers: Patrizia Rossi (Jefferson Lab), Thomas Hemmick (Stony Brook University)
-
154
Calorimetry WG SummarySpeakers: Eugene Chudakov (Jefferson Lab), Vladimir Berdnikov (CUA)
-
155
Far-Forward/IR/Polarimetry/Ancillary Detectors SummarySpeakers: Alexander Jentsch (Brookhaven National Lab), Dave Gaskell, E. C. Aschenauer (BNL), Michael Murray (The University of Kansas (US)), Yulia Furletova (Jefferson Lab)
-
156
DAQ/Electronics WG SummarySpeakers: Andrea Celentano (INFN-Genova), Damien Neyret (CEA Saclay IRFU/DPhN)
-
157
Central detector/Integration and Magnet WG SummarySpeakers: Alexander Kiselev (BNL), William Brooks
-
147
-
11:00
Break
-
Software Discussion / International engagement Discussion
-
158
Software - Questions / Discussion
-
159
International engagement - Discussion
-
158
-